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Cardiovascular Drugs during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Protamine sulfate is used to reverse heparin’s anticoagulant effects prior to surgery (e.g., C-section). No studies regarding use of protamine in pregnancy are published. One infant with neonatal depression following maternal protamine sulfate injection was reported (Wittmaack et al., 1994).
The Coronaries
Published in Theo Kofidis, Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery, 2021
László Göbölös, Johannes Bonatti
Once the patient’s oxygenation is stabilized and the pump function has recovered, protamine is administered. At this stage the last endoscopic inspection of the thoracic cavity commences. Constant thorough attention is paid by both the console surgeon and tableside team. After sufficient hemostasis, the robotic system is undocked, although the ports are still left in position to avoid unnecessary CO2 loss before the last manual inspections with the robotic camera. Then the ports are removed in a stepwise fashion under constant scope supervision, and the portholes are cauterized and packed with surgical hemostat such as Fibrillar™ or Surgicel™. Finally, a pleural drain is inserted through the camera porthole (Figure 12.2.22). Postoperative additive pain control is provided by local anesthetic infiltration of the portholes (Figure 12.2.23 and Figure 12.2.24).
Systemic complications following vascular reconstruction
Published in Sachinder Singh Hans, Mark F. Conrad, Vascular and Endovascular Complications, 2021
Srihari K. Lella, Mark F. Conrad
Ensuring adequate hemostasis during the initial dissection is the first step towards reducing the risk of high-volume blood loss and need for transfusion. If heparin is used for anticoagulation, protamine may be used for reversal once the clamps have been removed and distal flow is restored. Additionally, for suture hole and anastomotic bleeding, a number of topical hemostatic agents are available. Importantly, for vascular trauma, a damage control approach is favored in the patients with significant coagulopathy, hypothermia, and acidosis.
Mapping the human sperm proteome – novel insights into reproductive research
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2023
Mika Alexia Miyazaki, Raquel Lozano Guilharducci, Paula Intasqui, Ricardo Pimenta Bertolla
A case report from France of Arafah and colleagues [86] showed a homozygous truncating variant in the NUPL10L gene, which its protein could be responsible for oligoasthenoteratozoospermia presenting uncondensed chromatin sperm. This condition occurs during spermatogenesis, when chromatin is remodeled due to the exchange of histones by protamines, which likely is the most susceptible period of DNA damage. The flagellum has also abnormal formation, probably the nucleus alterations do not provide a successful attachment of flagella [86]. These findings demonstrate the relevance of protamines. Recently, two studies were published in an attempt to characterize the protamine proteoforms [87,88]. Arauz-Garofallo and researchers [87] identified 13 proteoforms of P1 and 19 proteoforms of P2. Among the unmodified P1 is the most abundant, followed by unmodified mature HP2, monophosphorylated P1, unmodified HP3, dephosphorylated P1, unmodified HP4, monophosphorylated HP2, and monophosphorylated. Currently, ratio P1/P2 is associated with fertility alterations and SDF, but this factor does not take into account specific protamine proteoforms what potentially can allow to determinate different infertility phenotypes [88] and could be a good approach for further studies.
Protamine stimulates platelet aggregation in vitro with activation of the fibrinogen receptor and alpha-granule release, but impairs secondary activation via ADP and thrombin receptors
Published in Platelets, 2021
Mattias Törnudd, Sofia Ramström, John-Peder Escobar Kvitting, Joakim Alfredsson, Richard Pihl, Sören Berg
Being an in vitro study, any clinical implications should be made with caution. We chose to investigate how protamine affects platelets without first exposing the platelets to heparin in order to study direct protamine–platelet interactions. Clinically protamine is given to reverse heparin that is already present, a major difference from our in vitro setting. The in vitro setting of this study, however, could mimic the situation where an excess of protamine is administered, or where protamine is given too rapidly, resulting in a high local concentration of free protamine. We also used heparin to examine whether this could reverse the effect of protamine on platelets. Since we did not examine the effect of heparin on platelets without protamine, there could be a possibility that heparin in itself also could affect platelet function.
Influence of protamine shell on nanoemulsions as a carrier for cyclosporine-A skin delivery
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2019
M. Javiera Alvarez-Figueroa, José María Abarca-Riquelme, José Vicente González-Aramundiz
These results are observed by other authors, who postulate that nanosystems could be retained in the lipid matrix of the skin or in its annexes and that they could subsequently be released slowly to the deeper layers of the skin (Cevc and Vierl 2010; Larese Filon et al. 2015). In addition, it is assumed that thanks to the lipid-rich environment present in the epidermis, highly lipophilic compounds such as CsA could be retained in the intercellular spaces of epidermal cells as a deposit and result in a slower permeation to the inner layers of the skin (Pradhan et al. 2015). It is important to note that the presence of protamine has a positive influence on skin retention, but that this effect was not statistically significant. This is reflected by NCs that were developed using the one-step procedure (NC-1P), which showed the highest CsA skin retention.