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Ethnopharmacology and Therapeutic Potential of Carica papaya
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Herbs, Spices, and Medicinal Plants for Human Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2023
Gurpreet Singh, Pooja Chawla, Abdul Faruk, Viney Chawla
The published studies on dengue specified that the juice of papaya leaves could help to increase the platelets and white blood cells count in these patients.15,80 A study in 2012 has reported about in vitro studies of papaya leaf extracts on persons infected with dengue. Papaya leaf extract inhibited the heat- and hypotonicity-induced hemolysis of red blood cells and has membrane-stabilizing properties.76 In a randomized controlled trial in dengue patients, there was an increment in platelets-related genes like arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase and platelet-activating factor receptor gene and that contributed to the prevention of platelet lysis. In folk medicine, papaya leaves have been used for the management of dengue fever with hemorrhagic symptoms.91
Lipids and Lipid Metabolism in Postnatal Gut Development and Risk of Intestinal Injury
Published in David J. Hackam, Necrotizing Enterocolitis, 2021
In an in vivo rat model of NEC induced by artificial formula feedings and intermittent hypoxia, Lu et al. investigated the impact of LCPUFA on NEC incidence (17). Groups included preterm infant formula supplemented with ARA and DHA, DHA alone, egg phospholipids, and a control group where pups were fed a preterm infant formula without any LCPUFA supplementation. All LCPUFA-supplemented groups led to a decrease in NEC compared to the control group, while there were no differences in NEC among the three supplemented groups. All LCPUFA-supplemented groups demonstrated a decrease in platelet-activating factor receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in the ileum and colon. Additionally, TLR4 mRNA or gene expression was decreased in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the ARA- and DHA-supplemented group, as well as the egg phospholipid–supplemented group, compared to controls. Of note there was no change in TLR4 gene expression in the DHA-alone group versus the control group, suggesting that down-regulation of TLR4 gene expression is specifically an ARA-mediated event.
Role of Eicosanoids in Renal Disease
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
Indirect methods of affecting glomerular PG production have also been used to modify renal function in nephrotoxic nephritis. In a rabbit model, a platelet activating factor receptor antagonist inhibited thromboxane production without diminishing PGE2 or prostacyclin production, improved glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria, and inhibited neutrophil and monocyte infiltration at 1 and 10 d, respectively (Macconi et al., 1989). Modification of dietary lipids caused a decrease in glomerular thromboxane and PGE2 production. A diet enriched in fish oil in one study had no effect on renal glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, or proteinuria (Thaiss et al., 1990), but in another study it had beneficial effects on glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria (Scharschmidt et al., 1990). A diet deficient in essential fatty acids which decreased glomerular PGE2, thromboxane, and LTB4 production also decreased proteinuria and monocyte infiltration (Schreiner et al., 1989).
Drug discovery and formulation development for acute pancreatitis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Xue Jiang, Ya-Wen Zheng, Shihui Bao, Hailin Zhang, Ruijie Chen, Qing Yao, Longfa Kou
Microcirculation disturbance is another pathophysiologic mechanism contributing to the progression of acute pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis occurs often accompanied by multiplying secretion of inflammatory cytokines, resulting in the pancreas microcirculation disorder. Considerable cell damage occurred in the vascular endothelial cells while exposed to NO, slow excitation peptide (BK), platelet-activating factor (PAF), etc. Abnormal hemorheology also promoted the development of acute pancreatitis from edema to necrotizing. Platelet-activating factor receptor antagonists (PAF-RAs) was found to significantly reduce local and systemic pathogenesis in acute pancreatitis (Chen et al., 2008). The early microcirculation disorder of the pancreas can directly or indirectly damage the pancreas, resulting in ischemia injury as well as inflammatory reactions. Correcting or modulating the microcirculation disorder is beneficial for the invert of acute pancreatitis in clinic.
Inhibitory effects of 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine polymer on the adherence of bacteria causing upper respiratory tract infection
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2020
Hiroyuki Iuchi, Junichiro Ohori, Takayuki Kyutoku, Kotoko Ito, Masaki Kawabata
PC is a structural component of various pathogens, such as Spn and NTHi [13]. A monoclonal anti-PC antibody (TEPC-15) was found to inhibit the adherence of PC-expressing bacteria by blocking platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R) [14]. We reported that the adherence of Spn and NTHi and the invasion of cultured human epithelial cells by NTHi were significantly reduced in the PC-high group by pretreatment with a PC-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (PC-KLH) [15]. Cundell et al. investigated the attachment of bacterial PC to PAF-R and found that binding between PC and PAF-R enhanced the adherence of Spn and only virulent Spn engaged in PAF-R [14]. In other words, it is considered that the inhibition of PAF-R with PC-KLH can inhibit the adhesion of highly pathogenic bacteria to cells.
A review of toxic effects of electronic cigarettes/vaping in adolescents and young adults
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Daniel L. Overbeek, Alexandra P. Kass, Laura E. Chiel, Edward W. Boyer, Alicia M. H. Casey
In vitro studies have shown concerns regarding possible impaired antimicrobial and antiviral effects (Chen et al. 2019). Compared to non-vaping controls, adults who vaped had increased platelet-activating factor receptor. As pneumococci use this receptor to adhere to host cells, vaping may increase the risk for increased bacterial burden and pneumonia (Miyashita et al. 2018). Human tracheobronchial epithelium infected with human rhinovirus and exposed to e-cigarette vapor demonstrated increased viral load, increased inflammatory cytokines, and decreased defense molecules (Wu et al. 2014; Chen et al. 2019). These studies may be limited by the inequivalent dosing methods in vitro as compared to real-world use.