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Antiviral Nanomaterials as Potential Targets for Malaria Prevention and Treatment
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Kantrol Kumar Sahu, Sunita Minz, Madhulika Pradhan, Monika Kaurav, Krishna Yadav
Pinocytosis is classified as caveolae-mediated endocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis clathrin- and caveolae-independent endocytosis, and micropinocytosis (Sun et al. 2019) (Table 18.2). Caveolar-mediated endocytosis is a clathrin-independent endocytotic mechanism involving bulb-shaped caveolae. Caveolae are 50-60 nm plasma membrane invaginations. Caveolae are formed by caveolins, which are integral membrane proteins, and cavins are peripheral membrane proteins. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis possesses complex protein machinery that transiently assembles on the plasma membrane and creates clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles. This machinery selects and concentrates cargo molecules and shapes the membrane into a vesicle.
Cellular and Immunobiology
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Masood Moghul, Sarah McClelland, Prabhakar Rajan
Pinocytosis: the absorption of liquid into the cell.Invagination of cell membrane.Larger molecules trigger projections from the cell membrane—crumpling and fusing with it.Smaller molecules absorbed after binding with receptors in small pits are contained in the cell membrane and are dependent on specialist proteins (calveolin or clathrin).
Evaluation Models for Drug Transport Across the Blood–Brain Barrier
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Normally, the serum protein leakage into CNS is restricted by BBB. The modification of the barrier thus creates a greater reduction in the demand of pinocytosis and the absence of intracellular fenestration. The substances are transported across the membrane through different mechanisms like diffusion, adsorptive endocytosis, saturable transport, and extracellular pathways (Banks, 2009).
Enhanced toxicity of 2,2-bis(chloromethyl) trimethylene bis[bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate] (V6) by nanopolystyrene particles towards HeLa cells
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2023
Zheng Zhong, Xin Liu, Yiming Ruan, Ziwei Li, Junxian Li, Lili Sun, Sen Hou
Several cellular uptake pathways have been reported concerning with the entrance of particles into the cells. Small particles with a size ranging from a few nanometers to hundreds of nanometers are capable to be internalized by pinocytosis (Behzadi et al. 2017). Pinocytosis can be classified into four categories: clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated endocytosis, clathrin and caveolae-independent endocytosis, and micropinocytosis (Zhao et al. 2011). Lai et. al (Lai et al. 2007) have found that NPs smaller than 25 nm reach the perinuclear region of the HeLa cells via non-degradative vesicle. This pathway is non-clathrin-mediated, non-caveolae-mediated and cholesterol-independent. While NPs between 25 nm and 44 nm entered HeLa cells primarily via clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway.
Protein transduction domain of translationally controlled tumor protein: characterization and application in drug delivery
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Endocytosis is largely classified as a two part process that includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Pinocytosis, the uptake of fluid and solute by the cell, occurs in all types of cells through four pathways including (i) clathrin-mediated, (ii) caveolae-mediated, (iii) clathrin, caveolae-independent pathway, and (iv) macropinocytosis (Conner & Schmid, 2003). Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a clathrin/dynamin-dependent, receptor-mediated process and this pathway is reported to operate in the cases of TAT-PTD, oligoarginine, and anionic PTDs (Ruseska & Zimmer, 2020). Binding of ligand to a specific receptor on the cell membrane induces the assembly of clathrins in a polyhedral lattice, followed by the invagination of clathrin-coated membrane surface (Ruseska & Zimmer, 2020). Caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CvME) is mediated by the formation of caveolae, a highly hydrophobic membrane domain rich in sphingolipid and cholesterol (Ruseska & Zimmer, 2020) and is reported to occur with TAT fusion protein, transportan and proline-rich PTDs. Actin cytoskeleton and cholesterol are the essential elements for caveolae formation and dynamin, a multidomain GTPase, constricts the neck of caveolae for enabling its release (Ruseska & Zimmer, 2020).
Extracellular vesicles: emerging anti-cancer drugs and advanced functionalization platforms for cancer therapy
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Manling Wu, Min Wang, Haoyuan Jia, Peipei Wu
Exogenous materials such as organic or inorganic nanoparticles can be encapsulated into EVs after ingested by cells. This process is mainly mediated by cell endocytosis and pinocytosis. The efficiency of cell encapsulation of these nanoparticles also depends on nanoparticle size, shape, surface charge, and surface functionality (Wong & Wright, 2016; Zhang et al., 2020), concentrations and incubation times (Correia Carreira et al., 2016). The appropriate size of nanoparticles, cationic materials, PEG modification, high concentration and extended incubation time can all improve the cell uptake efficiency. In addition, the efficiency of cell encapsulation of these nanoparticles also depends on the cell type and size (Wang et al., 2016). Compared with other types of cells, macrophages, as a unmodified phagocytic immune cell, are easier to swallow nanoparticles. In addition, the nanoparticles encapsulated by macrophage-derived EVs can also mediate their escape from the retention of the mononuclear phagocytic system and achieve a good tumor-targeted delivery function.