China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Rubber and Plastic Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
Contact allergy to polyvinylchloride (PVC) gloves have been seldomly reported. However, a study conducted a test on patients who had positive patch test reactions to PVC gloves. The study obtained a collection of PVC raw materials from industrial producers and suppliers—isocyanates and isocyanate prepolymers, plastics, and glue series.71 Nine PVC glove samples for triphenyl phosphate and its derivatives were analyzed. Two patients reacted to a technical PVC antioxidant and triphenyl phosphite (TPP), one of its components. Contact allergy to TPP was prominent in one patient and the main cause of hand dermatitis. The other patient had other contact allergies that explained the symptoms. Three patients reacted to the PVC gloves; however, a specific allergen was not identified. It was determined that six of the PVC glove samples contained TPP at 0.004%–0.099%. During storage, TPP transforms into triphenyl phosphate. Overall, TPP represents a new allergen detected in high concentrations in PVC gloves.71
Antioxidant Effects of Peptides
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Rümeysa Rabia Kocatürk, Fatmanur Zehra Zelka, Öznur Özge Özcan, Fadime Canbolat
In a study various activities of the egg yolk protein were evaluated, and hydrolysis was performed with pepsin to obtain the peptides. Among the peptides obtained, Tyr-Ile-Asn-Gln-Met-Pro-Gln-Lys-Ser-Arg-Glu peptide sequence has been reported to have very strong antioxidant activity (Zambrowicz et al. 2015). In another study with egg yolk, phosphite was digested with phosphite trypsin enzyme and the soluble peptides were exchanged through a 1 kDa membrane. The retentate (that is, the unfiltered portion) was then called the oligophosphospeptides of the phosphite, which were divided into three fractions on the anion exchange column. (Xu, Katayama, and Mine 2007). Trypsin enzyme digested egg white peptides showed a huge increasing effect in plasma radical scavenging (antioxidant activity) in spontaneously hypertensive rats (Manso et al. 2008). The antioxidant activity of the properties of the peptides belonging to traditionally produced goat and cow cheeses were examined and found that the ripening period increased the antioxidant activity of the produced peptides (Öztürk 2015). Ovotransferrin, an egg yolk protein, 278P, and thermolysis enzymes have been used, and ovotransferrin peptides have been found to have high antioxidant activity. In addition, ovotransferrin peptides have more powerful anticancer activity than single-step enzyme hydrolysates as well as natural ovotransferrin. (Lee et al. 2017)
Commercial Scale Manufacturing of Oligonucleotides Under Good Manufacturing Practices
Published in Eric Wickstrom, Clinical Trials of Genetic Therapy with Antisense DNA and DNA Vectors, 2020
Jose E. Gonzalez, Richard G. Einig, Patricia Puma, Timothy P. Noonan, Paul E. Kennedy, Bruce G. Sturgeon, Bing H. Wang, Jin-yan Tang
The resultant phosphite intermediate is oxidized to the more stable phosphate triester during the oxidation step, or thiolation step, when a sulfur transfer reagent is used during synthesis of phosphorothioates. Un-reacted 5'-hydroxyl groups are capped during the capping step by contacting the anchored oligonucleotide with a solution of acetic anhydride activated by N-methylimidazole.
Development of molecular intervention strategies for B-cell lymphoma
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2021
SOCS1 (located on 16p13.3) is a tumor suppressor gene coding for a 211-amino acid protein made of a central SH2 (Src homology) domain that distinguishes target proteins that are ubiquitinated and target them to the proteasome by the E3 ligase complex bound to the SOCS box and a C-terminal domain called the SOCS box. Abnormal JAK/STAT signaling pathway has been observed in hematological malignancies [71,72]. Besides, SOCS1 also binds to the tumor suppressor p53 but does not stimulate its degradation [73]. A recent report shows that the ability of the p53-SOCS1 axis to regulate cell aging depends on the structural motif of tyrosine (Y) 80 in the SH2 domain of SOCS1 [73]. The substitution of Y80 with phosphite like residues can inhibit the interaction of p53-SOCS1 and stimulate p53 transcription activity, growth arrest, and cell aging. Src family kinase inhibitors can phosphorylate SOCS1, lead to its homodimerization, inhibit its interaction with p53, and enhance SOCS1 induced aging, which suggests that f-Src family kinase inhibitors (dasatinib) may be an effective method for individualized treatment for lymphoma patients [73,74].
Identification of probe-quality degraders for Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1)
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2020
Zhimin Zhang, Xinyue Chang, Chixiao Zhang, Shenxin Zeng, Meihao Liang, Zhen Ma, Zunyuan Wang, Wenhai Huang, Zhengrong Shen
The syntheses of the presented final compounds were outlined in Figure 3. Compound a-1 was carried out by the reaction of commercially available 8-((tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino)octanoic acid and lenalidomide in the presence of HATU (a polypeptide condensation reagent) and trimethylamine. Boc deprotection of a-1 led to the key intermediate b-1. Compounds a-2 and a-3 were synthesised using the procedure described for the synthesis of compound a-1. The synthesis process began with the displacement of the commercially available dimethyl phosphite to o-phthalaldehydic acid and generated the corresponding phosphonate c in 89% yield. Addition of 2-fluoro-5-formylbenzonitrile to c led to the formation of benzalphthalide d in 84% yield as a mixture of E/Z isomers. The mixture of E and Z isomers were treated with hydrazine hydrate to produce the phthalazinone core. Base hydrolysis of the pendant nitrile provided the second key carboxylic acid intermediate e. The final compounds 1–3 were obtained by coupling of e and b-1–b-3 under HATU condition in 45–53% yield.
Current advances in the algae-made biopharmaceuticals field
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2020
Sergio Rosales-Mendoza, Karla I. Solís-Andrade, Verónica A. Márquez-Escobar, Omar González-Ortega, Bernardo Bañuelos-Hernandez
Algae cultivation at large scale could be greatly facilitated by reducing contamination in bioreactors and thus approaches to avoid the growth of other organisms are desirable to overcome microbial contamination. Loera-Quezada et al. [64] and Sandoval-Vargas et al. [65] have developed a strategy based on a selective environment that favors monocultures of selected algal lineages grown in open systems. The approaches are based on the fact that the majority of living organisms can only use phosphate (Pi) as source of phosphorus, but not other reduced chemical forms of P such as phosphite (Phi) or hypophosphite (HPhi) [66]. Thus by introducing new genes the selected algae acquire the capacity of using Phi as P source, having a competitive advantage over competitors when grown on a medium containing Phi as the sole source of P. Loera-Quezada et al. [64] demonstrated that C. reinhardtii assimilated Phi by expressing the ptxD gene from Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88, which encodes a phosphite oxidoreductase able to oxidize Phi into Pi. The authors proved that the nuclearly-engineered C. reinhardtii lines have the capacity to use Phi as P source and dominate the culture system in the presence of naturally occurring contaminants or even when deliberately inoculated with another algal species. In a similar approach but targeting chloroplast expression, Sandoval-Vargas et al. [65] reported that Phi assimilation can also be achieved by expressing a codon-optimized ptxD gene in C. reinhardtii. These are possible approaches for the production of biopharmaceuticals at the large scale, decreasing the contamination risk in the bioreactor.