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Pharmacotherapy of Neurochemical Imbalances
Published in Sahab Uddin, Rashid Mamunur, Advances in Neuropharmacology, 2020
Rupali Patil, Aman Upaganlawar, Suvarna Ingale
ATP has now also established its role as a transmitter through its widespread receptor-mediated actions in the body. ATP binds with two types of receptors, P2X and P2Y receptors. P2X receptors are ligand-gated ion channel receptors subdivided into seven subtypes (P2X1 to P2X7). P2X receptors are widely distributed all over the body. P2X1 and P2X2 receptors are found in the dorsal horn, and hence play an important role in sensory transmission. P2Y receptors are GPCRs and there are eight subtypes of P2Y receptors such as P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y6, P2Y11, P2Y12, P2Y13, and P2Y14 (Rang et al., 2011; Edward and Gibb, 1993; Barrett et al., 2009; Webster, 2001).
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
NEUROTRANSMITTERS. These are known as purines because purine is the substance from which adenine is derived; this form of transmission is therefore called purinergic. Purinergic transmission is important in several peripheral structures and in certain parts of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. The receptors for purines are divided into the P2X group (P2X1, P2X2, P2X3, P2X4) which are ligand gated, and P2Y group (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y3, P2Y4, P2Y5) that are G PROTEIN coupled. CAFFEINE and THEOPHYLLINE are thought to act at adenosine receptors.
Role of pannexin and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion
Published in Scandinavian Cardiovascular Journal, 2018
Sarah Brøgger Kristiansen, Gry Freja Skovsted, Lukas Adrian Berchtold, Aneta Radziwon-Balicka, Karin Dreisig, Lars Edvinsson, Majid Sheykhzade, Kristian Agmund Haanes
Released extracellular ATP might activate purinergic receptors in vivo, located on the vascular smooth muscle cells. We therefore investigated the LAD in a myograph setup, following I/R. There were no differences in the contractions induced by specific stimulation of P2X1 receptors with αβ-metATP (Figure 2(a)). For the stimulation of P2Y2 receptors, UTPγS was applied on arteries depolarized using 30 mM K+ to prevent any P2Y2 dependent dilation from endothelial hyperpolarization [11,12]. Here we observed a reduced contraction to UTPγS in I/R compared to sham (p < 0.05, Figure 2(b)). We postulated that P2Y2 receptor expression could be altered. Using immunohistochemistry, a representative picture from sham and I/R operated rats (n = 4) shows that P2Y2 receptor immunoreactivity is nearly absent in smooth muscle cells of I/R arteries (Figure 2(c)). The specificity of this antibody has been determined elsewhere [10].