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Primary mediastinal (thymic) large B-cell lymphoma
Published in Franco Cavalli, Harald Stein, Emanuele Zucca, Extranodal Lymphomas, 2008
Kerry J Savage, Philippe Gaulard
PMBCL tumors demonstrate the leukocyte common antigen (CD45) as well as B-cell lineage antigens such as CD19, CD20, and CD22 (Figure 18.1c). However, unlike other B-cell lymphomas, they often lack surface or cytoplasmic immunoglobulin (Ig),4,8,9 despite expression of the Ig co-receptor, CD79a (see Table 18.1). This discordant expression of components of the B-cell receptor (BCR) is characteristic of PMBCL.9 It does not appear to be due to a lack of functional Ig gene rearrangements or to a defect in the transcription factors BOB.1, OCT-2, and PU.18 (see Table 18.1). Recent studies suggest that the absence of Ig may be the result of down-regulation of the intronic heavy-chain enhancer10 or post-transcriptional blockage.11 Despite some controversies, PMBCL tumors are CD10-negative in the majority of cases, whereas most cases have a MUM1/IRF4+ phenotype with variable BCL6 expression.8,12 Tumor cells are CD21-negative, but can be CD23-positive in up to 80% of cases13 (Figure 18.1d). Expression of MAL antigen, a lipid raft component, is another unique characteristic feature of PMBCL, that is not found in other DLBCL14,15 (Figure 18.1e). CD30 is often present but is usually weak and heterogeneous, in comparison to Hodgkin’s lymphoma.8,16 However, CD15 is absent. Lack of HLA class I and/or class II molecules has been reported.17,18
Nanopharmaceuticals in Alveolar Bone and Periodontal Regeneration
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Mark A. Reynolds, Zeqing Zhao, Michael D. Weir, Tao Ma, Jin Liu, Hockin H. K. Xu, Abraham Schneider
Compelling evidence demonstrates that metformin in doses ranging from 10 to 100 μM has the capacity to induce the differentiation of human MSCs derived from tissue sources other than the bone marrow, including hiPSC-MSCs, hUCMSCs, hDPSCs, and hPDLSCs (Al Jofi et al. 2018, Houshmand et al. 2018, Jia et al. 2020, Qin et al. 2018, Wang et al. 2018, Wang et al. 2019, Yang et al. 2019, Zhao et al. 2019). As a highly hydrophilic cationic drug, the cellular uptake of metformin is known to be facilitated by a group of polyspecific cell membrane organic cation transporters (OCTs: OCT-1, OCT-2, and OCT-3) belonging to the solute carrier 22A gene family. In addition to metformin, OCTs mediate transport of structurally diverse, small hydrophilic organic cationic endogenous compounds, toxins, and several drugs (Nies et al. 2011; Shu 2011). Noteworthy, the expression of functional OCT-1 in hepatocytes is critical to mediate the therapeutic anti-diabetic action of metformin, as reported by Shu et al., who found that AMPK activation and the glucose-lowering effect of metformin were completely abolished in OCT-1-deficient mice (Shu et al. 2007). Therefore, a significant translationally relevant factor that could impact the uptake of metformin by MSCs, and ultimately osteogenesis, is the expression and function of OCTs. Recent evidence demonstrates that functional OCTs are present in a variety of MSCs harvested from humans (Al Jofi et al. 2018, Qin et al. 2018, Wang et al. 2018). Proper OCT function appears to be a biological prerequisite for the osteogenic action of metformin in MSCs, given that inhibition of OCT by pharmacological or genetic approaches markedly prevented AMPK activation, mineralised nodule formation, and RUNX2 upregulation (Al Jofi et al. 2018).
Regulation of Gastrointestinal Neuropeptide Gene Expression and Processing
Published in Edwin E. Daniel, Neuropeptide Function in the Gastrointestinal Tract, 2019
In addition to the elements indicated above, several other more specific promoter elements and binding factors have been identified, i.e., elements for heavy metal ions and tryptophan oxygenase (a CACCC box) and a CACCC-binding factor,31,33,42,44,46,50 as well as two tissue-specific transcription factors, Pit-1 and Oct-2 (POU domain), that activate genes specifying pituitary and lymphocyte phenotypes such as in the case of the prolactin gene.56,57
A novel in vivo adjuvant activity of kaempferol: enhanced Tbx-21, GATA-3 expression and peritoneal CD11c+MHCII+ dendritic cell infiltration
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2018
Divya Singh, Himanshi Tanwar, Sudeshna Das, Lilly Ganju, Shashi Bala Singh
The naive T-helper (Th) cell differentiation towards Th1 or Th2 cells is regulated by the transcription factors T-box 21 expressed in T-cells (Tbx-21) and GATA-binding protein-3 (GATA-3)35,36. GATA-3 plays an important role in balancing Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation37. In this study, the Th1/Th2 response in K + O immunized mice was also confirmed with the increases expression profile of Tbx-21 and GATA-3, respectively, as compared to ova immunized mice. The Oct-2 transcription factor is a member of the POU (Pit-Oct-Unc) family of transcription factors and is expressed only in B lymphocytes and in neuronal cells38. It possesses an ability to bind with high affinity to the conserved octamer DNA motifs found in Ig gene promoters and enhancers39. In the B-cell lineage, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp-1) is required for development of immunoglobulin-secreting cells and for maintenance of long-lived plasma cells40. It directly activates genes, which leads to the increased expression of the plasma cell regulator IRF4 and proteins involved in immunoglobulin secretion. Blimp-1 induces the transcription of immunoglobulin genes41. Our results also show the increased expression of both these transcription factors in K + O immunized mice, which corroborate with the increased production of antigen-specific IgG and its subtypes.