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Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
In humans, fatty acids have a number of physiological roles as: energy substrates, structural and functional components of cell membranes, precursors for lipid mediators, and components affecting signal transduction pathways and gene transcription (70–75). Some fatty acids are not only essential dietary nutrients but also contribute to various physiological processes (74). Certain saturated fatty acids are involved in numerous cellular signaling and stabilization processes in the body. For example, myristic acid, a 14-carbon saturated fatty acid, is a source of myristoyl groups utilized within the body to stabilize many different proteins, including proteins in the immune system, and to fight tumors (74). Myristoleic acid, a metabolite of myristic acid, is known to be cytotoxic to tumor cells such as prostate cancer cells (74). Palmitic acid, a 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, is involved in palmitoylation of protein. This palmitoylated protein formed plays important roles in numerous cellular processes, including signaling, apoptosis, and neuronal transmission, and is used to fight degenerative Huntington’s disease, T-cell mediated immune disorder, and cancer (74). However, excess consumption of palmitic acid, myristic acid, and other saturated fatty acids, increases the risk of developing hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular disease and cancer.
Apiaceae Plants Growing in the East
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Sherweit El-Ahmady, Nehal Ibrahim, Nermeen Farag, Sara Gabr
The content of unsaturated fatty acids ranges from 66% to 80% and predominates saturated fatty acids (Barros et al. 2010). The dominant fatty acid was petroselinic and oleic acid at 75.0–82.8%, followed by linoleic acid, palmitic, stearic and myristic acid. About 21 fatty acids were identified and quantified from fennel including caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, undecanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, myristoleic acid, pentadecanoic acid, palmitic acid, heptadecanoic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, and arachidic acid, (Badgujar et al. 2014). This is also reported for the aerial parts and fruits of F. vulgare subsp. piperitum collected from North-Western Mediterranean coastal strip near El-Salloum, Egypt (Al-Snafi 2018).
Excess Body Weight and Cancer-Related Fatigue, Systemic Inflammation, and Serum Lipids in Breast Cancer Survivors
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Julia E. Inglis, Amber S. Kleckner, Po-Ju Lin, Nikesha J. Gilmore, Eva Culakova, Amy C. VanderWoude, Karen M. Mustian, I. Diana Fernandez, Richard F. Dunne, Jeremy Deutsch, Luke J. Peppone
In this analysis, serum FFA levels were examined extensively among groups. Previous studies show a relationship with obesity and higher levels of FFAs (60,61). Although serum FFA levels appeared to increase with obesity status, this difference was not significant for most fatty acids studied in this analysis. Only total monounsaturated fatty acids had a significant association with BMI. Myristoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, and total fatty acids trended toward being higher in the obese groups, but the differences were not significant. In a recent study in Lebanon by Yammine et al. (62), higher levels of serum monounsaturated fatty acids were significantly positively associated with BMI, dietary saturated fatty acids and endogenous lipogenesis in women. In another recent study looking at women with class III obesity, serum monounsaturated fatty acids and saturated fatty acids were positively associated with inflammation. As discussed earlier, increased inflammation is associated with CRF (63). The omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio was also positively associated with higher BMI. A higher ratio of omega-6/omega-3 fatty acids in the peripheral blood leads to overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and appears to promote higher rates of inflammatory chronic disease (64). Higher levels of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acid ratio is also associated with obesity levels in some previous research (65). Therefore, based on these findings, the obese groups may have further inflammation due to elevated serum fatty acid levels. Increased inflammation is believed to contribute to CRF and other symptoms.
Antimicrobial lipids in nano-carriers for antibacterial delivery
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Qianyu Zhang, Wen Wu, Jinqiang Zhang, Xuefeng Xia
Free fatty acids and their monoglycerides are the most recognised and well-studied antimicrobial lipids. Fatty acids are abundantly present in nature such as in various types of essential oils and are also indispensable in host Defence [18,43]. Although the exact trend of antimicrobial activity seemed to vary in different reports, lauric acid as a saturated 12-carbon long fatty acid and other unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid (18 °C), oleic acid (18 °C), palmitoleic acid (16 °C) and myristoleic acid (14 °C) exhibited adequate antibacterial activity against different bacteria strains [8,17,44–47]. Although the results seemed promising, one major hurdle emerged when it comes to the application of free fatty acid was their poor solubility. They were mostly dissolved in DMSO, acetone or ethanol as a stock and then diluted to desired concentrations [44–47]. Bergsson et al. reported the occurrence of turbidity of the final solutions [45], which might influence the accuracy of the results and also hinder the actual application of free fatty acids. Moreover, the organic solvents such as DMSO might cause irritancy to the skin or other mucosal surface, limiting the application of the lipids.
Boletus aereus protects against acute alcohol-induced liver damage in the C57BL/6 mouse via regulating the oxidative stress-mediated NF-κB pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Luping Zhang, Bo Meng, Lanzhou Li, Yanzhen Wang, Yuanzhu Zhang, Xuexun Fang, Di Wang
For the main components of BA, 30.60% was total sugar, 4.80% was reducing sugar, 1.44% was triterpenes, 0.23% was flavonoids, 17.90% was mannitol, 12.20% was crude fat, 24.30% was total protein, 2.03% was polyphenols, 1.40% was sterols, 0.02% was vitamin B2 and 0.42% was vitamin B3; however, adenosine and vitamin A, B1, B6, C, D2, D3 and E were not detected (Table 1). A total of 17 amino acids were determined, among which the contents of methionine (0.60%), glutamic acid (0.39%) and aspartic acid (0.32%) were higher than those of the others (Table 1). Among the 13 detected minerals, K, Fe and Na were the most abundant (Table 1). Thirty-five fatty acids were measured, among which the contents of linoleic acid, oleic acid and hexadecanoic acid were significantly higher than those of the other fatty acids; however, capric acid, undecanoic acid, tridecanoic acid, myristoleic acid, cis-10-pentadecenoic acid, elaidic acid, trans-linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, γ-linolenic acid, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, cis-13,16-docosadienoic acid methyl ester, docosahexaenoic acid and octanoic acid were not detected (Table 1).