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Adipose Tissue (Adipokinome), Skeletal Muscle (Myokinome), and Liver (Hepatokinome) as Endocrine Regulators During Exercise
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Logan K. Townsend, Greg L. McKie, Hesham Shamshoum, David C. Wright
Myokines are cytokines or peptides that are synthetized and released by muscle fibres and exert autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects in response to muscular contractions/exercise (106). The autocrine and paracrine effects of myokines are mostly involved in the regulation of muscle physiology, such as muscle growth and the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. In contrast, the endocrine effects of myokines are thought to be important in mediating the systemic effects of exercise. To date it has been speculated that muscle communicates with distal tissues, including adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, bone, and the brain. In the following section, we will focus on some of the roles of myokines that have been discovered to date.
Cardiovascular Risk and Physical Activity in Children
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Lars Bo Andersen, Robert G. Murray
More recent research has shown that muscle, similar to fat tissue, functions as a secretory organ.153 Cytokines and other peptides are produced, expressed, and released by muscle fibers and exert either autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine effects. The muscle secretes several hundred peptides. This finding provides a new understanding of how muscles communicate with other organs such as adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, bones, and brain. Also, several myokines exert their effects within the muscle itself. Many proteins produced by skeletal muscle are dependent upon contraction and it is likely that myokines may contribute to the mediation of the health benefits of exercise.
Drug-Related Sarcopenia
Published in Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth, Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
Skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ that secretes hormone-like factors which influence the metabolism in tissues and organs throughout the body. Myokines are muscle-derived proteins that oppose adipokines and cytokines.
Effects of resistance training and nigella sativa on type 2 diabetes: implications for metabolic markers, low-grade inflammation and liver enzyme production
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023
Soheila Jangjo-Borazjani, Maryam Dastgheib, Efat Kiyamarsi, Roghayeh Jamshidi, Saleh Rahmati-Ahmadabad, Masoumeh Helalizadeh, Roya Iraji, Stephen M Cornish, Shiva Mohammadi-Darestani, Zohreh Khojasteh, Mohammad Ali Azarbayjani
Hajhashemi et al. suggested that the inhibition of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and oxygen radicals by thymoquinone may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity of Nigella sativa (Hajhashemi et al.2004). Studies have shown that resistance training can reduce risk of low-grade inflammation (Mathur and Pedersen 2008). CRP is one of marker of low-grade systemic inflammation biomarkers (Pedersen 2006). This type of exercise can decrease basal CRP levels by several pathways (Hotamisligil 2006). Muscle contraction caused by resistance training, lead to produces myokines. Myokines have anti-inflammatory effects, antagonising the pro-inflammatory cytokines, and as a result, lead to reduced inflammation and CRP (Pedersen and Febbraio 2008). Moreover, resistance training has a positive impact on body composition and thus reduces inflammation and CRP by reducing body fat and enhancing skeletal muscle mass (Selvin et al.2007, Handschin and Spiegelman 2008, Calle and Fernandez 2010, Donges et al.2010, Mavros et al.2014, Lee et al.2015).
Insight into the role of myokines and myogenic regulatory factors under hypobaric hypoxia induced skeletal muscle loss
Published in Biomarkers, 2022
Sukanya Srivastava, Richa Rathor, Som Nath Singh, Geetha Suryakumar
Basically myokines consisted of peptides, growth factors, cytokines and small organic acids. Myokines may be defined as cytokines or peptides which are secreted by skeletal muscle cells and subsequently released into the circulation to exert endocrine or paracrine effects in other cells, tissues or organs (Pedersen and Febbraio 2012). These molecules also demonstrated their effects on muscle contraction, cell proliferation, differentiation, growth and muscle metabolism. Myokines also mediate communication between various organs such as gut, liver, brain, bones, adipose tissues, pancreas and within the skeletal muscles, showing their endocrine, autocrine or paracrine effect (Benatti and Pedersen 2015, Pedersen 2019). An enhanced circulatory myokine levels was observed during physical activities or exercise (Ishiuchi et al.2018). The secretion of myokines also regulated muscle size via restoring normal levels to alleviate muscle wasting in various disease, including sarcopenia, obesity, diabetes, cancer cachexia, COPD and heart failure (Piccirillo 2019).
Systematic training in master swimmer athletes increases serum insulin growth factor-1 and decreases myostatin and irisin levels
Published in Growth Factors, 2022
V. Curiel-Cervantes, J. C. Solis-Sainz, M. Camacho-Barrón, A. Aguilar-Galarza, M. E. Valencia, M. A. Anaya-Loyola
The myokines as well as the exercise-induced proteins and in general hormones play a role in a variety of physiological functions, including muscle growth and metabolic homeostasis. Myostatin (MSTN) is a strong negative regulator of muscle growth (Wang and Mc Pherron 2012). Whereas myostatin-binding proteins such as follistatin (FST) and other anabolic factors, like insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and irisin (IRI) that promote skeletal muscle development, through the activation of the pathways of some protein kinases such as AKT and mTOR (Winbanks et al. 2012). Besides their main function in muscle plasticity, MSTN and FST also play a role in metabolism (i.e. body fat reduction and an improvement in glucose metabolism) (Braga et al. 2013; Han et al. 2019). IGF-1 is a hormone that regulates MSTN function and plays a major role in the repairing of muscle tissue induced by injury or intense training (Velloso 2008; Song et al. 2013). IRI is a pro-myogenic factor involved in protein synthesis and repairing process of SMM through satellite cells (Lee and Jun 2019).