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Future Perspectives on Nucleic Acid Testing
Published in Attila Lorincz, Nucleic Acid Testing for Human Disease, 2016
Larry J. Kricka, Paolo Fortina
Genetic testing also is now more commonly used for prenatal diagnoses and newborn screening (www.acmg.net).17 Most of the advancements relate to the fine tuning of various techniques such as multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its derivatives and other techniques including microarray-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification and gene expression profiling. These techniques are changing the way prenatal screening and prenatal genetic diagnoses are conducted world-wide.
Bacteremia
Published in Stephen M. Cohn, Matthew O. Dolich, Kenji Inaba, Acute Care Surgery and Trauma, 2016
Spyridon Fortis, Greg J. Beilman
Despite being the cornerstone for the diagnosis of bacteremia, BCs have certain limitations. These limitations are: delay in diagnosis, poor sensitivity for slow growing and fastidious organisms and decrease in sensitivity when blood samples are taken after the start of antimicrobial therapy [34,35]. New diagnostic techniques are necessary to increase the sensitivity and specificity, decrease turnaround time and reduce inhibitory effects of antibiotics on the detection of pathogens. One of the most promising developments is the direct detection of bacteria in whole blood with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays
Angioimmunoblastic T-Cell Lymphoma
Published in Wojciech Gorczyca, Atlas of Differential Diagnosis in Neoplastic Hematopathology, 2014
Majority of cases are positive for clonal TCR gene rearrangement, and subset of cases (~10%–30%) also shows clonal rearrangement of the immunoglobulin gene [24,39–41]. Using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays based on the BIOMED-2 collaborative study, Tan et al. [8] detected TCRγ T-cell clones in 78% and 81% of AITL and PTCL cases, respectively, and IGH B-cell clones in 34% and 35% of AITL and PTCL cases, respectively. Attygalle et al. [1] reported significantly higher detection of T-cell clonality in AITL (90%) compared with PTCL (59%), but Bruggeman et al. [42] detected T-cell receptor (TCR) clonality in 99% of all definite cases of PTCL and AITL.
Wide-spectrum antibiotic prophylaxis guarantees optimal outcomes in drowned donor kidney transplantation
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2023
Xiaoli Lin, Xinyu Liu, Xiaoying Wu, Xishao Xie, Guangjun Liu, Jianyong Wu, Wenhan Peng, Rending Wang, Jianghua Chen, Hongfeng Huang
The preventive antibiotics administered to recipients averaged 5–7 days and should be no less than 72 h to compensate for the time gap before definite culture reports. Physicians could pay attention to the risk factors associated with the drowning experience, including drowning in contaminated water or surrounding environments, in stagnant or shallow water, prolonged submersion, and aspiration of gastric contents [16]. Communications with donor hospitals about donor clinical symptoms and possible infections, and close follow-ups through routine microbiology tests and drug-susceptibility tests are advised for the donors and recipients. Advanced technologies such as multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or whole genome sequencing, as well as rapid communication could accelerate the process. Once receiving a positive culture report, clinicians should immediately adjust the antibiotics based on clinical judgments and susceptibility results to refine an individualized and targeted antibiotic regimen.
The management of anti-infective agents in intensive care units: the potential role of a ‘fast’ pharmacology
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Dario Cattaneo, Alberto Corona, Francesco Giuseppe De Rosa, Cristina Gervasoni, Danijela Kocic, Deborah Je Marriott
Rapid microbial identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing techniques have been recently reviewed and their detailed description is beyond the scope of the present analysis [5,49,50]. They include multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), and lateral flow assays or immuno-chromatographic methods. Novel technologies for rapid diagnosis may still require positive blood cultures or, in selected cases, can work directly from blood specimens. Among these techniques, the implementation of MALDI-TOF MS has increased significantly in the last 10 years and it is now considered a robust technique for rapid microbial identification [50]. This is achieved by searching databases containing mass spectra of peptides and proteins extracted from microorganisms of interest, using scoring algorithms to match analyzed spectra with reference spectra to identify an organism. Although the scientific community agrees that time is crucial and a few hours can make the difference, the quality of the microbiological results is equally important; accordingly reference guidelines with ‘precise, documented’ information also for novel technologies should be periodically revised.
Ankylosing Spondylitis Patients Display Aberrant ERAP1 Gene DNA Methylation and Expression
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2022
Yubo Ma, Dazhi Fan, Shanshan Xu, Jixiang Deng, Xing Gao, Shiyang Guan, Xu Zhang, Faming Pan
Genomic DNA was first extracted from peripheral venous blood of participants using DNeasy Blood Tissue Kit QIAGEN Kit (QIAGEN, Germany) in line with manufacturer’s protocol, and quantified and qualified through NanoDropTM 2000 Spectrophotometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA).. Genomic DNA (400 ng) was bisulfite converted using EZ DNA MethylationTM-GOLD Kit (Zymo Research, Irvine, USA). Multiplex polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) was performed with above primer combination, and PCR amplicons were separated and purified through agarose electrophoresis and QIAquick Gel Extraction kit (QIAGEN, Germany). Corresponding libraries were sequenced on Illumina NextSeq platform according to manufacturer’s protocols.