Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Gut Microbiota—Specific Food Design
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Aparna V. Sudhakaran, Himanshi Solanki
Dietary habits affect the composition of intestinal microbiota instantly. When we compare the three major enterotypes in the gut Prevotella, Bacte- roides, and Ruminococcus, the composition significantly varied according to the dietary pattern. Prevotella is found significantly in vegan diet [11, 19, 35]. Bacteroides are prevalent in animal protein and saturated fat [37, 75] and Ruminococcus is largely found in fruit and vegetable-rich diet [74]. The dietary habits can have quick influence on the composition of the intestinal microflora.
Microbial Monitoring of a Manufacturing Facility
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2020
In addition to microbial counts, it is important to identify microbial isolates to detect changes in trends. For example, a shift in the types of microflora indicates deviation from the “norm”. In general, microflora present in air samples are associated with either human skin (e.g., Gram-positive cocci) or the environment (e.g., Gram-positive bacilli and fungi) (10). If a Gram-negative bacillus is isolated from an air sample, it is probable that the air sample had been taken in facility wet areas such as wash bays due to the generation of water aerosols. Typical microbial species that can be isolated in air samples from a manufacturing plant environment include species of the genera Bacillus, Corynebacterium, Paenibacillus, Cutibacterium (Propionibacterium), Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Kocuria, Pseudomonas, Alternaria, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, and Penicillium species (10–13).
Factors Controlling the Microflora of the Healthy Mouth
Published in Michael J. Hill, Philip D. Marsh, Human Microbial Ecology, 2020
All the microorganisms which establish a more or less permanent residence at oral surfaces in man, in one or more of the oral habitats, are referred to as normal microflora (or normal microbiota) of the human mouth.5 Expressions such as resident, indigenous, autochthonous, or commensal microflora are used with a similar meaning. Probably “resident oral microflora” expresses the intended meaning most simply and without implying the possible useful or harmful effects which the microflora may have on the host. From an ecological point of view it is natural to include all microorganisms which have the mouth as their primary habitat in the resident oral flora, although they are not necessarily present in all mouths all the time. In fact, some resident oral microorganisms are dependent on special oral habitats, which are not always present, such as teeth or artificial hard surfaces (for Streptococcus mutans), and gingival crevices or pockets (for spirochaetes and some Gram-negative rods).6 Microorganisms qualify as members if they occupy a particular niche in the oral microflora and are frequently isolated from certain habitats in a large number of persons.
Randomized double-blinded controlled trial on the effect of synbiotic supplementation on IL-17/IL-23 pathway and disease activity in patients with axial spondyloarthritis
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2023
Masoud Ahangari Maleki, Aida Malek Mahdavi, Mohammad Sadegh Soltani-Zangbar, Mehdi Yousefi, Alireza Khabbazi
The strong association between axSpAand intestinal inflammation, which involves the IL-17/IL-23 pathway suggested that alterations in the intestinal microflora with prebiotics and probiotics may alter the balance of IL-17 and IL-23 secreting cells in favor of the host [13,14]. Prebiotics are nutrients that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the intestine [15]. Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that may alter the intestinal microflora [15]. Synbiotics are nutritional supplements that combine prebioticsand probiotics in a synergistic pattern [15]. Previous studies indicated that synbiotic supplementation had considerably more synergistic effect on the intestinal and fecal microflora and immune system than either prebiotic or probiotic supplementation alone [16,17]. Limited studies about the syn/probiotics supplementation in patients with autoimmune inflammatory diseaseslike rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthritis (SpA) and Behcet’s disease (BD) reported controversial results [18–25]. However, to our knowledge, no studies have evaluated the impact of synbiotic supplementation in patients with axSpA. The present study was conducted to evaluate synbiotic supplementation on IL-17/IL-23 pathway and disease activity in individuals with axSpA.
Impact of quorum sensing signaling molecules in gram-negative bacteria on host cells: current understanding and future perspectives
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Yingping Xiao, Huicong Zou, Jingjing Li, Tongxing Song, Wentao Lv, Wen Wang, Zhenyu Wang, Shiyu Tao
The international academic community calls a system in which multiple microorganisms live together a microbial community, also known as the microflora. However, many years ago, researchers discovered that bacteria communicate with each other, and through communication, they gain the ability to coordinate their operations.1, 2 Bacterial communication mainly relies on microbial quorum sensing (QS). The concept of QS, first proposed by Fuqua et al., refers to the sensing phenomenon that can only occur when the number of bacteria reaches a certain density.3 It was reported that QS is present in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, and elevated local concentrations of QS signaling molecules (QSSMs) are often observed in bacterial infections.4 QS has now become a major research area in the field of microbiology. In the 1960s, Tomasz et al. discovered the first QSSM in Streptococcus pneumoniae.5 A subsequent study has shown that the QS system is widely present in various microbial populations.6,7 With new research developments, investigators have found that QSSM can not only regulate the group behavior of microorganisms, but also regulate the expression of virulence factors in human pathogenic bacteria, which has gradually attracted attention in the field of public health.
Pharmacokinetic investigation of branched oligohexamethyleneguanidine hydrochloride in a liquid composition for the treatment of stomatitis and gingivitis
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
S. V. Beliakov, D. O. Shatalov, V. N. Aldobaev, I. S. Ivanov, A. V. Aydakova, D. A. Akhmedova, S. A. Kedik
Compared to existing analogs, the latter has a pronounced biocidal effect on pathogenic microflora. In particular, it was shown that branched OHMG-HC inhibits the growth of many bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Actinomyces pyogenes, Actinomyces odontolyticus, Peptostreptococcus micros, Finegoldia magna, Veillonella parvula, Prevotella disiens, and Fusobacterium nucleatum [5]. Branched OHMG-HC is adsorbed on the cell wall, blocking its respiration, nutrition, and metabolite transport. Following this, cell membrane destruction occurs that leads to cell contents being released into the external environment, the penetration of external substances, and, consequently, to cell death [6]. Branched OHMG-HC can also destroy biofilms, which are a common problem in the fight against infectious diseases [7]. Antifungal activity of the above-mentioned compound was also shown [8]. However, oligoguanidine-based compounds display low toxicity toward multicellular organisms, which is explained by the different mechanisms of action toward prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells: branched OHMG-HC molecules do not penetrate through human skin and do not accumulate in the body [9,10]. The use of microfluidic technologies is one of the modern methods for obtaining polymeric compounds, making it possible to reduce the number of impurities and narrow the range of molecular weight distribution [11].