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Hereditary and Metabolic Diseases of the Central Nervous System in Adults
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Inclusion body subtypes include: Granular osmophilic deposits (GRODs). Associated genes are PPT1, CTSD, and CLN8. Autosomal dominant ANCL usually has GROD and has not been linked to a specific gene.Curvilinear profiles (CVs). Associated genes are CLN8, MFSD8 (major facilitator superfamily domain-8), CLN6, and TPP1.Fingerprint profiles (FPs). Associated genes are CLN3, CLN5, CLN6, and MFSD8.Mixed type inclusions (GROD, CV, FP).
Brain Motor Centers and Pathways
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
Like MFs, CFs also branch as they approach the cerebellar cortex. CFs are so called because they wrap vine-like around the dendrites of Purkinje cells. A CF contacts up to 10 Purkinje cells making 500–1000 synapses on each cell, but a Purkinje cell is contacted by only one CF. CFs also contact Golgi, basket, and stellate cells. The connections of CFs are illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 12.13, where two types of cerebellar nuclear cells are shown: the larger excitatory cells, also contacted by MFs (Figure 12.8), and the smaller GABAergic inhibitory cells. CF collaterals contact both types of cells. The inhibitory nuclear cells terminate in the inferior olive, which is the nucleus of origin of the CFs. Both types of nuclear cells are inhibited in turn by axons of Purkinje cells. The larger excitatory nuclear cells are also known as nuclear projection cells because their axons project to the targets of the cerebellar nuclei.
Candida Biofilms
Published in Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Microbial Biofilms, 2017
Chaminda Jayampath Seneviratne, Thuyen Truong, Yue Wang
Some studies have suggested that a higher expression of classical drug resistance genes in the biofilm mode may play a role in the higher resistance in Candida biofilms. For instance, involvement of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) drug efflux pumps have been suggested as a possible reason for azole resistance in Candida biofilms [127]. MDR1, CDR1 and CDR2 genes have been shown to be up-regulated in Candida biofilms. However, deletion of the aforementioned genes did not make Candida biofilms susceptible to azoles. A study using a microarray showed that MDR and CDR gene expression contributes to the azole resistance only in the early phase of Candida biofilm formation [128]. An in vivo Candida biofilm study demonstrated that CDR1 and CDR2 expression is significantly up-regulated in biofilms compared with planktonic cells, but EFG11 and MDR1 expression is similar in both biofilm and planktonic cells [46]. Therefore, it is unlikely that a single or few genes solely regulate the higher drug resistance in Candida biofilms.
SLC2A3 rs12842 polymorphism and risk for Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Neurological Research, 2020
Stylianos Arseniou, Vasileios Siokas, Athina-Maria Aloizou, Polyxeni Stamati, Alexios-Fotios A. Mentis, Zisis Tsouris, Metaxia Dastamani, Eleni Peristeri, Varvara Valotassiou, Dimitrios P. Bogdanos, Georgios M. Hadjigeorgiou, Efthimios Dardiotis
The brain relies heavily on glucose, as its main energy source. Specific membrane transporters are required in order for hydrophilic substances, such as glucose, to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) [20]. Glucose transport is mediated by three families of solute carriers: (a) the Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) glucose SLC2 family of facilitated transporters, GLUTs, (b) the SLC5 family of active sodium-driven glucose transporters (SGLTs), and (c) the SLC50 family of uniporters (SWEETs) [21]. The most highly encountered glucose transporters (GLUTs) in the brain are GLUT1 and GLUT3. GLUT1 is the product of the SLC2A1 gene, and it is predominantly expressed in the human erythrocyte membrane, the endothelial cells of the BBB, and astrocytes [22]. GLUT3, on the other hand, is encoded by the SLC2A3 gene, which is specifically expressed in neurons [23], and it is consequently named the neuronal glucose transporter [24]. In the brain, GLUT1 mediates the transport of glucose from circulating blood in the microvasculature to the interstitial fluid [25]. Following the above process, GLUT3 transports glucose from the extracellular space into the neuron [26].
Efflux pump inhibitors as a promising adjunct therapy against drug resistant tuberculosis: a new strategy to revisit mycobacterial targets and repurpose old drugs
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2020
Liliana Rodrigues, Pedro Cravo, Miguel Viveiros
Efflux pump systems are membrane proteins that are widespread in many organisms, including Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and eukaryotes. These transporters are categorized in different families according to their structural characteristics and energy requirements: ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily; the major facilitator superfamily (MFS); the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family; the small multidrug resistance (SMR) family; the proteobacterial antimicrobial compound efflux (PACE) superfamily; and the resistance nodulation division (RND) superfamily. The ABC superfamily are classified as primary transporters since they use the hydrolysis of ATP as energy source, whereas the other families of efflux pumps are defined as secondary transporters, because they use the proton (or sodium in the case of MATE family) gradient [14–16]. The efflux pumps that have been associated with drug resistance in M. tuberculosis are summarized in Table 1.
Upregulation of peroxide scavenging enzymes and multidrug efflux proteins highlight an active sodium hypochlorite response in Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Daniel Lipus, Amit Vikram, Djuna Gulliver, Kyle Bibby
MFS transporters are another group of transport proteins involved in multidrug efflux (Paulsen, et al. 1996, Paulsen, 2003). Here, a gene with homology to the drug resistance MFS transporter protein AraJ (PFLU_RS07315) was up-regulated in two of four replicates (Table 1). AraJ is a secondary active export pump protein that functions as a transporter for arabinose-containing oligosaccharides and arabinose-containing antibiotics (Carolé, et al. 1999). AraJ is induced in E. coli in response to the antibiotics tetracycline and ampicillin as part of the multidrug resistance and efflux complex (May, et al. 2009). AraJ expression promotes cell aggregation and biofilm matrix formation (Alav, et al. 2018).