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Envisioning Utilization of Super Grains for Healthcare
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
The lipid content of millets varies from 1% to 5% with pearl, proso, and foxtail millets containing the highest (5%) and kodo and finger millet containing lowest amounts (1%). Since the germ contains higher content of lipids, pearl, and foxtail millets have higher levels due to larger germs. Approximately 88% of the total pearl millet fat is concentrated in the germ, which contains 32% of the lipid content [177]. The lipids contain neutral lipids (85%), phospholipids (12%), and glycolipids (3%). The unsaturated fatty acids constitute 78%–82% with high levels of LA followed by oleic acid. Linolenic acid and erucic acid are also present in trace amounts [7, 81]. Oleic acid is the chief fatty acid in finger millet, which itself contains lower amount of lipids content, thus accounting for the superior shelf stability [177]. Major phospholipids include lysophosphatidylcholine (42%), phos-phatidylcholine (24%), lysophosphatidylethanolamine (21%), and traceable amounts of phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylglycerol [81].
Integrative Allergy and Asthma for Traditional Practice
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
William S Silvers, Heidi Bailey
Choline: Found in eggs, cauliflower, spinach, amaranth and soy products, and its supplementation was found to decrease asthma symptoms (Mehta et al. 2010) as well as reduce medication usage (Gupta and Guar 1997). Choline’s proposed mechanism of action is lower lysophosphatidylcholine levels, which has anti-inflammatory effects. Caution: May cause sweating, GI distress.
Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase Activity in the Liver
Published in David N. Brindley, John R. Sabine, Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase, 2017
In addition to these functions which are common to most cells, the liver is also required to secrete phosphatidylcholine in the form of a mixed micelle with cholesterol into the bile. The phosphatidylcholine helps to stabilize the micelle and it enables cholesterol to be transported in an aqueous environment. The biliary cholesterol is not completely reabsorbed from the small intestine and therefore the liver is able to promote the excretion of cholesterol from the body by this route. Furthermore, the phosphatidylcholine that enters the intestinal tract probably aids fat absorption. First, the phosphatidylcholine can be partially hydrolyzed to lysophosphatidylcholine which is a powerful detergent. This lipid facilitates the formation of micelles with bile salts and the fatty acids, monoacylglycerol, and cholesterol which results from the digestion of dietary fat. The formation of these mixed micelles is a prerequisite for efficient fat absorption.1 Once in the enterocytes the lysophosphatidylcholine can be esterified back to phosphatidylcholine which is incorporated into the outer surface of chylomicrons. There, lipoproteins are responsible for transporting the majority of absorbed fat around the body.
Metabolic changes in patients with bipolar disorder in spring
Published in Chronobiology International, 2023
Xinzi Liu, Sitong Feng, Ziyan Li, Sisi Zheng, Hong Zhu, Dongqing Yin, Xue Li, Hongxiao Jia
The 27 significantly changed metabolites were divided into eight categories: amino acids and amino acid-related, carboxylic acids, ceramides, cholesteryl esters, diglycerides, indoles and derivatives, lysophosphatidylcholines, phosphatidylcholines and triglycerides. At the three time points, the concentrations tended to show a “checkmark” shape: the concentration was lower at the second time point and higher at the first and third time points (Figure 1). There was a higher concentration of Gln and Cit in HCs than in patients with BD, but no significant difference was observed in HArg and Sarcosine. Lac also showed no significant difference between patients and HCs. Both ceramides were higher in patients than in HCs. Lysophosphatidylcholines were generally higher in patients, except that lysoPC a C18:0 was higher in HCs at the first time point. For phosphatidylcholines, the concentration of PC aa c34:2 was higher in HCs at the first and second time points, but higher in patients suffering from BD at the third time point. Patients had a higher concentration of PC ae C40:2 at all three time points. The concentrations of three kinds of cholesterol showed different situations: CE (16:0) was higher in patients, CE (18:2) was higher in HCs, and CE (17:1) was significantly higher in patients than HCs only at the third time point. At all time points, the concentrations of all triglycerides were higher in patients with BD than HCs.
Metabolic and Metabolomic Effects of Metformin in Murine Model of Pulmonary Adenoma Formation
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Andrew C. Elton, Vannesa Cedarstrom, Arman Quraishi, Beverly Wuertz, Kevin Murray, Todd W. Markowski, Donna Seabloom, Frank G. Ondrey
Branched chain amino acid metabolism had three hits (L-Leucine, L-Isoleucine, L-Valine), and aromatic amino acid metabolism had two (L-Phenylalanine, L-Tyrosine). Glycerophospholipid metabolism had three hits (1-Acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, Acetylcholine, sn-Glycero-3-phosphocholine). Lastly, pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis had two hits (Pantothenate, L-Valine). The remaining metabolites were assigned though their associated pathways were not considered significant on ORA or were not assigned. The metabolites included: 3-Hydroxybutyric acid, 3-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, DL-Malic acid, p-Hydroxyphenyllactic acid, Indoxyl sulfate, 1,2-Diamino-2-methylpropane, Betaine, 2-Amino-1-phenylethanol, DL-Octopamine, 2-Aminoadipic acid, L-Citrulline, 8,11-Tridecadienoic acid, 13-(3-pentyl-2-oxiranyl)-, (8Z,11Z)-, LysoPC(14:0/0:0), LysoPC(P-18:0/0:0, LysoPC(18:1(9Z)/0:0), NG,NG-Dimethyl-L-arginine, ç-L-Glutamyl-L-alanine, N-L-ç-Glutamyl-L-leucine, L-Carnitine, L-Propionylcarnitine, 2-Methylbutyryl-L-carnitine, Creatine, and Uric acid. Some of these metabolites, particularly 2-aminoadipic acid and the carnitine derivatives, are associated with lysine degradation though were not included in the pathway hits, which may represent a limitation of the pathway analysis softwares (45, 46). Further studies may also investigate the lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) derivatives, as they are associated with inflammation and the production of reactive oxygen species (47).
Campylobacter jejuni permeabilizes the host cell membrane by short chain lysophosphatidylethanolamines
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Xuefeng Cao, Chris H.A. van de Lest, Liane Z.X. Huang, Jos P.M. van Putten, Marc M.S.M. Wösten
Lysophospholipids (LPLs) are bioactive signaling molecules containing a single fatty acid tail. In eukaryotic cells, LPLs exhibit diverse biological properties, such as promoting cell growth, acting as potent lipid mediators, or reducing bacterial infections.1,2 LPLs are generated as metabolic intermediates in phospholipid synthesis or during membrane degradation.3 The formation of LPLs from phospholipids is due to activation of phospholipase A1 or A2. Phospholipase A1 (PldA1) and phospholipase A2 (PldA2), hydrolyzing the stereospecific numbering (Sn)-1 and −2 acyl chain, respectively.4 (Sn)-1 LPLs possess more shorter, saturated acyl chains than (Sn)-2 LPLs while (Sn)-2 LPLs possess more unsaturated acyl chains.5 (Sn)-1 LPLs and (Sn)-2 LPLs might have different biological functions as only (Sn)-1 LPLs can act as mediators of antimicrobial activity toward Gram-positive bacteria.6 Lysophosphatidic acid (lysoPA) is important in controlling and signaling cancer;7 lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) evokes cellular injury by oxidative events that involve formation of low-density lipoprotein. Both lysoPA and lysoPC of the host trigger the release of the proinflammatory flagellin from Salmonella thereby enhancing the innate and inflammatory responses toward this bacterium.8 The role of other LPLs like lysophosphatidylethanolamine (lysoPE) has not been elucidated to such a high degree.