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Systematic Class of System Dynamics-Based and Synapse-Based Architecture Types
Published in Harald Maurer, Cognitive Science, 2021
"Like the Turing machine (...), the model of a liquid state machine (LSM) is based on a rigorous mathematical framework that guarantees, under ideal conditions, universal computational power. Turing machines, however, have universal computational power for off-line computation on (static) discrete inputs, while LSMs have, in a very specific sense, universal computational power for real-time computing with fading memory on analog functions in continuous time. The input function u(·) can be a continuous sequence of disturbances, and the target output can be some chosen function y(·) of time that provides a real-time analysis of this sequence. In order for a machine M to map input functions of time u(·) to output functions y(·) of time, we assume that it generates, at every time t, an internal 'liquid state' xM(t) which constitutes its current response to preceding perturbations, that is, to preceding inputs u(s) for s ⩽ t (...). In contrast to the finite state of a finite state machine (or finite automaton), this liquid state consists of analog values that may change continuously over time (Maass et al. 2002)."
Manipulating the Intracellular Trafficking of Nucleic Acids
Published in Kenneth L. Brigham, Gene Therapy for Diseases of the Lung, 2020
Kathleen E. B Meyer, Lisa S. Uyechi, Francis C. Szoka
Specific proteins that bind RNA are also essential for nuclear transport. The hnRNP A1 shuttle protein has been determined to participate in mRNA trafficking across the nuclear membrane. A nuclear import/export signal of 38 amino acids has been identified for the hnRNP A1 protein (90), NQSSNFGPMKGGNFGGRSSGPYGGGGQYFAKPRNQGGY, but the specific mechanism by which hnRNP A1 mediates mRNA transport is not yet defined. The U snRNAs bind to their cognate proteins in the cytoplasm, the Sm proteins, and are reimported back into the nucleus, the site of their functional activity. It is likely that the Sm proteins contains NLS, yet the identification remains to be determined. The cytosol protein requirements for snRNA import have been noted to vary depending on the U snRNA in question and the nuclear system of choice (Xenopus oocyte vs. somatic) (130,132). U1 and U2 are similar in that they require binding of Sm proteins to an interior domain of the RNA, as well as hypermethylation of the 5’ GpppG cap.
Replicase
Published in Paul Pumpens, Single-Stranded RNA Phages, 2020
Arluison et al. (2006) showed further how the Hfq assembled into toroidal homo-oligomers that bind single-stranded RNA. This substantial review accented the similarities between the structures, functions, and evolution of Sm/Lsm proteins and Hfq, first of all, the property to polymerize into well-ordered fibers, whose morphologies closely resembled those found for Sm-like archaeal proteins (Arluison et al. 2006). Figure 13.14 shows the structural model of the fibrillar Hfq from the electron microscopy and image analysis.
Impact of liver fibrosis and clinical characteristics on dose-adjusted serum methadone concentrations
Published in Journal of Addictive Diseases, 2023
Fatemeh Chalabianloo, Gudrun Høiseth, Jørn Henrik Vold, Kjell Arne Johansson, Marianne K. Kringen, Olav Dalgard, Christian Ohldieck, Karl Trygve Druckrey-Fiskaaen, Christer Aas, Else-Marie Løberg, Jørgen G. Bramness, Lars Thore Fadnes
Liver stiffness measurements (LSM) were assessed by vibration-controlled transient elastography using FibroScan (Model 430 Mini). The LSM value was correlated to the liver fibrosis stage.31 Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, the presence of an implantable medical device, and a BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (to avoid erroneous measurements using standard probes that were not adapted to obese individuals). Participants who consented were requested to fast for 3 h before the procedure. The examination was performed onsite in the OAT clinics according to a standardized procedure.32 After a minimum of 10 valid measurements were acquired, median LSM values were calculated.33 Examinations with an interquartile range greater than 30% were classified as unreliable and were excluded from further analyses.34 The cutoff values for fibrosis stage (hereby fibrosis measures) for all the participants were as follows: LSM ≤7 kPa for no/limited fibrosis, LSM 7 kPa to <12 kPa for fibrosis, and LSM ≥12 kPa for cirrhosis31—those with LSM ≥20 kPa in the last category represented cirrhosis state with significant portal hypertension.35
Multiparametric cytotoxicity assessment: the effect of gold nanoparticle ligand functionalization on SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cell death
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Rachel M. McDougall, Hannah F. Cahill, Madeline E. Power, Tyson J. MacCormack, M-Vicki Meli, Jillian L. Rourke
SKOV3 ovarian cystadenocarcinoma cells (ATCC) were chosen as a model cell line because they are well characterized, and numerous AuNP studies show potential utility in ovarian cancer. SKOV3 cells were cultured in a complete culture medium (CM) consisting of RPMI 1640 (Corning, 15-040-CV) supplemented with 10% FBS (VWR, 234K18), 2 mM L-glutamine and 100 I.U. mL−1 penicillin and 100 μg mL−1 streptomycin at 37 °C with 5% CO2. For toxicity assessment, cells were seeded at 5000 cells well−1 in a 96-well plate and incubated in CM at 37 °C 5% CO2, for 48 h, unless otherwise indicated. CM was removed and replaced with AuNP treatment for 24 h. Cells were washed twice in LSM following AuNP treatment to limit the abundance of AuNP present at the time of toxicity quantification using the assays described below (Kroll et al. 2012).
Skin damage in a patient with lipid storage myopathy with a novel ETFDH mutation responsive to riboflavin
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2020
Hongliang Xu, Xin Chen, Yajun Lian, Shuya Wang, Tuo Ji, Lu Zhang, Shuang Li
Lipid storage myopathy (LSM) is a heterogeneous group of lipid metabolic disorders characterized by impaired oxidation of fatty acids [14–16]. There are only four types of genetically diagnosable LSM: primary carnitine deficiency (PCD), multiple acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis, and neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy [14]. In MADD, three different genes (ETFA, ETFB, and ETFDH) were reported to be involved in the electron transfer in mitochondria respiratory chain. The symptoms and age at onset are highly variable, so the final diagnosis is usually achieved by pathological studies and mutation analyses. This patient showed characteristic clinical findings of LSM, as follows: (1) late-onset myopathy at 27 years old; (2) weakness, exercise intolerance with episodic vomiting; (3) mild elevated CK levels; (4) a typical myopathological pattern of lipid storage myopathy; (5) the MRI changes in the muscles were consistent with other cases preciously described [17,18]; and (6) responsive to riboflavin.