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Overview of Perinatal Maternal Stress
Published in Rosa Maria Quatraro, Pietro Grussu, Handbook of Perinatal Clinical Psychology, 2020
Dawn Kingston, Muhammad Kashif Mughal
Third, 11β-HSD2 is the gene responsible for cortisol regulation in the placenta. It codes for production of the enzyme, 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which metabolizes active cortisol into inactive cortisone. Methylation of this gene has been associated with sub-optimal neurobehavioral outcomes and increased cortisol in infants (Cao-Lei et al., 2017). Another study showed that infants of women who were psychologically distressed during pregnancy had greater 11β-HSD2 methylation than infants of mothers who were not distressed, and this was associated with infant hypotonia (Conradt et al., 2013).
Summation of Basic Endocrine Data
Published in George H. Gass, Harold M. Kaplan, Handbook of Endocrinology, 2020
To produce aldosterone, pathways involving deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone (both originating from progesterone) occur. The corticosterone is enzymatically changed to 18-hydroxycorticosterone within the mitochondria. The enzyme called 18-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activates the chemical changes that produce aldosterone.
Nutraceuticals and Hormonal Balance in Pregnancy
Published in Priyanka Bhatt, Maryam Sadat Miraghajani, Sarvadaman Pathak, Yashwant Pathak, Nutraceuticals for Prenatal, Maternal and Offspring’s Nutritional Health, 2019
Ashley Oake, Michaela McMahon, Yashwant V. Pathak
Women with a body mass index in the obesity range have an excess amount of adipose tissue and adipocytes (27). These cells release hormones and cytokines throughout the body that influence both the physiology and the metabolism (27). Aromatase is released in the body to convert androgens to estrogens, so with more fat there is a greater rate of conversion than with more estrogen (27). There is a higher amount of cortisol in the system due to the conversion of cortisone to cortisol by excess 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (27). Levels of leptin, tumor necrosis factor α, and adiponectin are also increased (27). A chart by the Institute of Medicine created a Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System that established a range of healthy weights that women should follow (27). Studies show that only one in three women actually follow these guidelines, but race and ethnicity play a huge role in weight gain (27). Asian women usually gain under the recommended amount of weight and African American women are more likely to gain over the recommended weight while women other than these race remain around the recommended weight on average (27).
Trophectoderm non-coding RNAs reflect the higher metabolic and more invasive properties of young maternal age blastocysts
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
Panagiotis Ntostis, Grace Swanson, Georgia Kokkali, David Iles, John Huntriss, Agni Pantou, Maria Tzetis, Konstantinos Pantos, Helen M. Picton, Stephen A. Krawetz, David Miller
LncRNAs of enzymes reported in the current study, are involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and/or steroidogenesis. Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases along with the steroidogenic acute regulatory (STAR) and START-domain proteins play important roles in steroidogenesis (Ye et al. 2021), with the lipid-binding STARD4 participating in cholesterol intracellular transport, playing important roles in cellular metabolism. The high expression levels of these lncRNAs in the YMA/rba-YMA group along with the increased corresponding mRNA levels, suggests that the first may act either by enhancing the expression of the latter or inhibit the sncRNAs that regulate their mRNAs, with the same outcome. The current study reported that MGST1 lncRNA was approximately 5 times more highly expressed in the YMA/rba-YMA than in the AMA/rba-AMA trophectoderm group. MGST1 is a glutathione transferase involved in cellular metabolism, stem cell development and differentiation and when absent is embryonic lethal (Bräutigam et al. 2018), perhaps by affecting blastocyst differentiation and/or stem cell differentiation during embryo development. The HSD17B1 lncRNA, participating in cholesterol synthesis/steroidogenesis that is important for early embryo development, was expressed approximately 10 times more highly in YMA/rba-YMA blastocysts than AMA/rba-AMA blastocysts. This lncRNA was associated with blastocysts showing higher implantation success rates potentially enhancing the expression of HSD17B1 (Ntostis et al. 2015; Ntostis et al. 2019; Ntostis et al. 2021).
Deciding on the appropriate pharmacotherapy for the treatment of endometriosis
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
As we gain more knowledge on the pathological cascade leading to endometriosis, the possibility of identifying specific agents which could block essential pathways and prevent disease progression and development increases. Promising results may be on the horizon with the novel 17-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD17B) inhibitors (Forendo Pharma’s FOR-6219) which exert local action blocking the conversion of the weak estrone into the potent estradiol. Thus, local estrogen production remains low without affecting systemic levels, resulting in inhibition of lesion development and progression, as well as decreased endometrial cell proliferation and inflammation. The major advantage would be the reduction of systemic effects with greater tolerability. Clinical tests should be starting soon [28]. Noncoding RNAs have been identified as key players in various diseases including endometriosis and several microRNA are involved in cell migration and proliferation and may represent a target for drug development.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory protective effects of rutin and kolaviron against busulfan-induced testicular injuries in rats
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Sunny O. Abarikwu, Rex-Clovis C. Njoku, Ifeoma G. John, Benjamin A. Amadi, Chidimma J. Mgbudom-Okah, Chigozie L. Onuah
3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of all active steroid hormones, and it exerts a regulatory control on the testicular steroid hormone cascade system (Abarikwu et al. 2014; Alamdar et al. 2017). It is believed that the activity of 3β-HSD in the testis is essential for normal steroidogenesis and subsequently for the reproductive capacity of most mammalian animal species (Rasmussen et al. 2013). The finding that 3β-HSD activity was increased in the BUS-treated animals in the present study is consistent with our previous study, and thought to be a compensatory attempt by the testes to drive androgen synthesis (Abarikwu et al. 2020). Interestingly, rutin and kolaviron co-treatment alone or in combination decreased 3β-HSD activity. However, rutin co-treatment (BUS + RUT) had better protective effects on 3β-HSD activity than when kolaviron and rutin were combined (BUS + KV + RUT) or when kolaviron was administered separately (BUS + KV). It may appear that kolaviron and rutin did not exhibit a strong protective effect on 3β-HSD activity in the rat’s testes as a result of the antagonism of both phenolics (Phan et al. 2018b). Considering that these phenolics occur in nature and prevalently in combinations in seeds and fruits, giving them together might not amplify their efficacy against busulfan-induced disturbances in androgen production in animals and clinical models.