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Pathogenesis of Fungal Keratitis
Published in Mahendra Rai, Marcelo Luís Occhiutto, Mycotic Keratitis, 2019
In addition, the outer cell wall layer of conidia also plays a role in the early stages of the infectious process. Proteins belonging to the hydrophobin family which are naturally secreted by all filamentous fungi, were identified in the surface of resting conidia, and possibly play a role in the mechanism of fungi adhesion to host cells (Scholtmeijer et al. 2001).
Topical Formulations for Onychomycosis: A Review
Published in Andreia Ascenso, Sandra Simões, Helena Ribeiro, Carrier-Mediated Dermal Delivery, 2017
Barbara S. Gregorí Valdes, Carolina de Carvalho Moore Vilela, Andreia Ascenso, Joao Moura Bordado, Helena Ribeiro
Some formulations contain etching agents which are surface modifiers used to disrupt the dorsal surface of the nail to enhance permeation and promote adhesion of films. Phosphoric acid and tartaric acid are two etching agents commonly used as enhancers of transungual permeation [63]. Polyethylene glycols and hydrophobins are other two types of permeation enhancers [70,71]. Curiously, methanol has also shown some advantages in drug permeation [63].
Hypersensitivity and Allergic Fungal Manifestations: Diagnostic Approaches
Published in Johan A. Maertens, Kieren A. Marr, Diagnosis of Fungal Infections, 2007
C. herbarum is one of the major sources of inhalant fungal allergens in cooler climates (5). At least 60 antigens from C. herbarum have been detected by counter immuno-electrophoresis and 36 of them have been shown to be allergenic by crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (34). Various diagnostically relevant allergens that have been purified and characterized from this fungi include Cla h 1 (Ag 32) (13-kDa) with five isoforms (pI 3.4–4.4), Cla h 2 (Ag 54) (23-kDa, pi 5.0, and a glycoprotein with 80% carbohydrates), hsp 70, Cla h 8, Cla h 3 (11.1. kDa, ribosomal P2 protein), Cla h 6, (48 kDa, enolase), and HCh-1 (hydrophobin, a cell wall component) (48–51).
Mechanisms of nanotoxicity – biomolecule coronas protect pathological fungi against nanoparticle-based eradication
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Roland H. Stauber, Dana Westmeier, Madita Wandrey, Sven Becker, Dominic Docter, Guo-Bin Ding, Eckhard Thines, Shirley K. Knauer, Svenja Siemer
NMs’ physicochemical properties define their behavior and biological activity, and most likely also their interaction with microbes (Docter, Westmeier, et al. 2015; Westmeier, Posselt, et al. 2018; Halbus, Horozov, and Paunov 2017). Our NM library consists of defined NPs of different sizes, material, shape, and surface functionalization (Table 1). To reflect short exposures for application scenarios under dynamic physiological and environmental conditions, fungal spores were exposed to NPs in a ‘pulse-chase’ workflow choosing different time spans (Figure 1(b)). Subsequently, formed NP-spore complexes were recovered by centrifugation and washed, thereby excluding any unbound NPs. To analyze and visualize NP-spore interaction in situ, we first used NPs, such as silica (Si), with fluorescent surface modifications in combination with autofluorescent fungal spores, produced by a transgenic pathogenic A. fumigatus model. Fluorescence microscopy revealed the binding of all examined NPs to spores (Figure 1, Tables 1 and 2). The adsorption of NPs to spores was further confirmed by various independent analytical approaches, including various electron microscopy methods (SEM/TEM), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), or EDX, depending on the material of the NP to be tested (Table 1; Figure 1(d,f)). Although we did not perform extensive studies, we did not observe that the examined NMs penetrated the robust hydrophobin surface of the examined fungal spores (data not shown).
Overcoming the stability, toxicity, and biodegradation challenges of tumor stimuli-responsive inorganic nanoparticles for delivery of cancer therapeutics
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2019
Juan L. Paris, Alejandro Baeza, María Vallet-Regí
The main strategies employed to improve the in vivo performance of MSiNs are based on chemically decorating the particle surface. Hydrophobin-functionalized MSiNs showed improved dispersibility in plasma (due to their increased hydrophilicity), and reduced the amount of particles trapped in the lung after IV injection, increasing also the liver-to-spleen ratio of coated particles compared to non-coated ones [134]. On the other hand, similar Hydrophobin-functionalized MSiNs administered orally were observed not to cross the intestinal wall, and to present extended transit time in the gastrointestinal tract, due to their mucoadhesion in the stomach [135]. Poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) (PMVE-MA)-grafted MSiNs showed also improved colloidal and plasma stability through charge repulsion [136]. Surface modification with BSA reduced non-specific cellular uptake in vitro and prolonged circulation time in vivo [137]. In healthy animals, dextran-modified MSiNs were seen to accumulate mainly in the liver, where they were slowly degraded when compared to non-modified MSiNs [127].
Biological detoxification of ochratoxin A in plants and plant products
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2019
Mahmoud Sheikh-Zeinoddin, Mohammadreza Khalesi
Khalesi et al. (2013a) studied the OTA contamination of licorice roots produced in Iran. They observed that after rising the OTA concentration in the first 40 days of incubation, an unexpected reduction of OTA was occurred in some samples, perhaps as a consequence of self-biodegradation of OTA producing molds (Figure 4). This observation has claimed to be associated with the needs of fungi to phenylalanine, a moiety of OTA, during the microbial starvation period. A similar observation has been reported for degradation of Class II hydrophobin HFBII from Trichoderma reesei (Khalesi et al. 2013b, 2014). In this case, the researchers observed the loss of the last amino acid of HFBII, which is phenylalanine, at the end of fungal fermentation.