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Treatments and Challenges
Published in Franklyn De Silva, Jane Alcorn, The Elusive Road Towards Effective Cancer Prevention and Treatment, 2023
Franklyn De Silva, Jane Alcorn
New biomarkers in their discovery stage that show promise include TMPRSS2:ERG fusion gene, miRNAs, circRNAs, CTCs, exosomes, tumor educated platelets, PTEN, RARA, uPA/PAI-1, CRP, sHER2, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in cfDNA, ELAVL1, GSTP1, APC, RASSF1, HOXC6, TDRD1, DLX1, SChLAP1, and noncoding RNAs [325, 1272, 1288–1293]. However, biomarkers alone will not accurately capture the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment choices for all cancers. Estimation of the absolute benefits anticipated from systemic therapies, such as adjuvant therapy, chemotherapy, and endocrine therapy, requires the support of gene signatures collected using bioinformatic tools, gene expression analysis, and clinical trials [1294]. Prognostic information generated by ‘multigene signatures' are valuable when traditional immunohistochemical markers and clinical parameters alone cause ambiguity [1294]. EndoPredict, Mammaprint, Mammostrat, Prosigna /PAM50, Breast Cancer Index, Prolaris, Oncotype DX, IHC4, ExoDx prostate Intelliscore urine exosome assay, SelectMDx, ConfirmMDx, Decipher, Michigan Prostate Score (MiPS), epiCaPture, 4K Score, percent fPSA, and Apifiny are examples of molecular tests used for BC and PC diagnosis, prognosis, and determination of treatment modalities [325, 1289, 1294–1297]. Such multigene prognostic assays and other techniques will fill the void within the biomarker field, especially with regard to accurate staging of the patient and disease molecular subtyping [1294, 1298].
Prostate Cancer
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Karl H. Pang, James W.F. Catto
Urine SelectMDxHOXC6, DLX1 (KLK3 as control)Age, DRE, PSA, PSA density, prostate biopsy, and family history
Retinoids in Hair Disorders
Published in Ayse Serap Karadag, Berna Aksoy, Lawrence Charles Parish, Retinoids in Dermatology, 2019
Brent J. Doolan, Rodney Sinclair
It has also been shown that retinoic acid plays an important role in hair follicle formation and patterning through the homeobox gene proteins Hox C8 and Hox C6 (11). Retinoic acid appears to up- and downregulate the homeobox genes, which consequently influences hair follicle generation, initiation, differentiation, and even inhibition (11). Retinoic acid receptor (RAR) and retinoid X receptor (RXR) genes have been identified in almost every portion of the hair follicle. The RARs and RXRs differ depending on the specific portion of the hair follicle (12). This gene arrangement also provides validation of the complex interaction that exists between protein synthesis, cell turnover, and the activation of cellular retinoic acid-binding protein from retinoic acid within the nucleus (12). The localized components that are involved in the signaling to the hair follicle by retinoic acid have been hypothesized in many reports (13–15). There is still much that is unknown regarding the exact mechanism of retinoic acid's function within the hair follicle, and future studies are required to determine the mechanism of retinoic acid differentiation within the hair follicle.
HOXC6 in the prognosis of prostate cancer
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Junyu Zhou, Xiaogang Yang, Peng Song, Hongwei Wang, Xiumei Wang
HOXC6 belongs to the HOX family, whose members are important regulators in cell differentiation and cellular proliferation during development [19]. To our knowledge, altered expression of HOXC6 has been observed in various tumor types, such as leukemia and serous ovarian cancer [30]. In the present study, we measured the expression of HOXC6 in PCa tissues and cells. Also, the results showed that compared with normal controls, PCa tissues and cells manifested relatively heightened HOXC6 expression at mRNA and protein levels, which was in accordance with findings from previous reports [17,31]. Hence, HOXC6 might act as an oncogene in PCa. Then, Chi-square test showed that high HOXC6 expression was related to PSA level, Gleason score and TNM stage, indicating HOXC6 might participate in the development and progression of PCa.