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Herbal Therapies
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
H. Shahrul, M. L. Tan, A. H. Auni, S. R. Nur, S. M. N. Nurul
Ginseng is a well-known traditional herbal medicine due to its numerous benefits. Although ginseng exhibits a variety of physiological and pharmacological activities, ginseng saponin (or ginsenoside) has no specific receptor. Therefore, ginseng saponin alone may not explain all of ginseng’s actions (Nah et al., 2007). Recent studies found presence of unique form of LPAs, designated gintonin. It was co-isolated with ginseng proteins such as ginseng major latex-like protein 151 and ginseng major storage protein. The complex of LPAs and ginseng proteins could be involved in the physiological and pharmacological actions of LPAs as the free form of LPAs are labile to hydrolysis by lipid phosphate phosphatase (Salous et al., 2013). The protein component might protect LPAs from hydrolysis. They may also play roles in storage and transportion of LPAs to receptors at target organs. The most abundant LPA species in gintonin are LPA C18:2 > LPA C16:0 > LPA C18:1. The study also indicated that ginseng contained high LPAs content, where it was 10-fold than the amount present in corydalis tuber and other foodstuff.
Gintonin modulates platelet function and inhibits thrombus formation via impaired glycoprotein VI signaling
Published in Platelets, 2019
Muhammad Irfan, Dahye Jeong, Evelyn Saba, Hyuk-Woo Kwon, Jung-Hae Shin, Bo-Ra Jeon, Suk Kim, Sung-Dae Kim, Dong-Ha Lee, Seung-Yeol Nah, Man Hee Rhee
Pyo et al. (11) revealed that the functional component of gintonin is lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate) and that gintonin functions as an exogenous ginseng-derived G protein-coupled LPA receptor ligand. Thus, gintonin is distinguished from previously identified ginseng saponins and acidic polysaccharides, because the representative functional component is ginseng derived lipid ligand (8). Previously, we reported that gintonin mainly consists of carbohydrates, lipids, and ginseng proteins. The total carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins in gintonin were approximately 30%, 20.2%, and 30.3%, respectively and other minor components (12). Since gintonin’s active components are LPAs, we further quantitatively analyzed the lipid compositions of gintonin that is mainly related with LPAs. We found that gintonin contains fatty acids, other bioactive minor lysophospholipids besides to LPAs and phospholipids, especially three phosphatidic acids, which comprises about 15% (13). We also found that gintonin qualitatively contains diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols but we did not quantitate them, since they play a simple storage role as an energy source.
Therapeutic potential of Panax ginseng and its constituents, ginsenosides and gintonin, in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders: a patent review
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2019
Arezoo Rajabian, Maryam Rameshrad, Hossein Hosseinzadeh
Gintonin, a glycolipoprotein or non-saponin multimer, has been recently isolated from ginseng comprising about 0.2% of it [24]. Gintonin consists of carbohydrates (mainly glucose), lipids (fatty acids mainly linoleic and palmitic acids, lysophospholipids, and phospholipids), and proteins (ginseng major latex-like protein and ginseng ribonuclease-like storage proteins) [25]. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is considered as a functional or active component of gintonin [26]. Gintonin targets G-protein-coupled LPA receptors and induces transient elevation of intracellular Ca2+ via the activation of Gq/11 protein-coupled receptors [27]. Gintonin-mediated [Ca2+]i transient has been proposed to be involved in neurotransmitters (Ach, dopamine, glutamate) release, synaptic transmission, and subsequent cognition enhancing effects [27].