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JAK-STAT pathway: Testicular development, spermatogenesis and fertility
Published in Rajender Singh, Molecular Signaling in Spermatogenesis and Male Infertility, 2019
Studies on the germline stem cell maintenance helped in further exploration of other target stem cell niche maintained by the JAK-STAT pathway, such as intestinal, hematopoietic and neuronal niche in Drosophila and only hematopoietic and neuronal systems in mammals (94). Thus, the JAK-STAT pathway regulates different stem cell populations, and further exploration of a mammalian niche would help in the advancement of mammalian stem cell technology. The role of JAK-STAT signaling in postimplantation development is evident through knockout studies. The absence of its components manifests their role in neuronal, cardiac and hematopoietic lineage defects. In germline development, PGCs are the precursors to adult germ cells and gametes. In vitro experiments have shown that PGCs can be induced in the presence of LIF, BMP8b, EGF and SCF (stem cell factor), but no in vivo study has been undertaken to prove the role of JAK-STAT in the germline development (95). Nonetheless, the JAK-STAT pathway is not a solo player here. This works in a complex integration with other signaling pathways. The understanding of this molecular web would help in better projecting the role of this pathway and other key players in spermatogenesis and male fertility.
Epigenetics and Assisted Reproduction Experimental Studies
Published in Cristina Camprubí, Joan Blanco, Epigenetics and Assisted Reproduction, 2018
Joan Blanco, Cristina Camprubí
Infertility is a common disease that affects between 8% and 12% of the couples worldwide, although with significant differences between high- and low-income countries (1). This disorder has been associated with a wide number of causes. Nevertheless, between 15% and 30% of the individuals asking for infertility, the origin remains classified as idiopathic (2). Since epigenetics plays a significant role in human germline development (Chapter 3), epigenetic alterations in gametes have been proposed to explain some idiopathic cases (3). Therefore, one explanation to the increased incidence of epigenetics disorders in ART (Chapter 6) has been related to conception using gametes of infertile couples that may have an elevated risk of epigenetic variations.
Current status of sperm functional genomics and its diagnostic potential of fertility in bovine (Bos taurus)
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2018
Sellappan Selvaraju, Sivashanmugam Parthipan, Lakshminarayana Somashekar, B. Krishnan Binsila, Atul P. Kolte, Arunachalam Arangasamy, Janivara Parameshwaraiah Ravindra, Stephen A. Krawetz
The phenomenon of sperm-mediated reverse gene transfer enables extra-genomic information to be passed to the oocyte during fertilization (Spadafora 2008). The presence of high levels of RNAs transcribed from repetitive medium reiterated sequences (MERs), short interspersed nuclear elements (SINES), and long interspersed nuclear elements (LINES) are prime targets for perhaps integration by a reverse transcription-mediated mechanism (Miller 2000; [reviewed in (Sciamanna et al. 2009)]). The majority of sperm small RNAs are PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs). The piRNAs likely bind to protein-coding mRNAs during spermatogenesis and regulate germline development (Pantano et al. 2015), although their role in early embryonic development remains to be defined. It has been proposed that the RNAs carried within the spermatozoa might be part of the confrontation and consolidation mechanism required for syngamy (Bourc’his and Voinnet 2010; Krawetz et al. 2011).
Pyroptosis in neurodegenerative diseases: What lies beneath the tip of the iceberg?
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2023
Mengli Yue, Li Xiao, Rui Yan, Xinyi Li, Wei Yang
The innate immune system is a natural immune defense function formed in the process of germline development and evolution. It can respond quickly to various harmful substances to protect the body. The activation of innate immune system itself is a double-edged sword. Immune inflammation caused by long-term and uncontrollable stimulation of harmful substances will cause damage to the brain. Neuroinflammation has always been a hot spot in the exploration of nervous system diseases. The discovery of various inflammasomes in the pyroptosis pathway adds a bright color to the study of neuroinflammation. At present, many studies of nervous system diseases actually pay more attention to inflammasomes.
The molecular structure and biological functions of RNA methylation, with special emphasis on the roles of RNA methylation in autoimmune diseases
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Wanwan Zhou, Xiao Wang, Jun Chang, Chenglong Cheng, Chenggui Miao
RNA modification is crucial in germline development. The combined deletion of METTL3, METTL14, and Stra8-GFPCre in advanced germ cells disrupts spermatogenesis, whereas the single deletion of METTL3 or METTL14 in advanced germ cells does not affect normal spermatogenesis. The abnormality of METTL3 and METTL14 results in damage to haploid-specific gene translation, which affects sperm production [86,87]. The expression of m6A mRNA in ALKBH5 deficient male mice increases and affects the apoptosis of spermatocytes at the metaphase of meiosis, resulting in impairment of fertility [88].