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Biotechnological Studies of Medicinal Plants to Enhance Production of Secondary Metabolites under Environmental Pollution
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Being immobile, plants constantly interact with the rapidly changing and potentially damaging climate change. Thus, to counteract the effect, plants have evolved various complex defence mechanisms involving the synthesis of a diverse range of chemical metabolites which play a major role in the adaptation of plants (Holopainen and Gershenzon 2010). Although secondary metabolites have different structures and functions, they originate from the intermediate products of primary metabolism. For example, phenylalanine, the precursor of phenylpropanoid metabolism, is produced from the intermediate product (erythrose-4-phosphate) of the Calvin cycle and pentose phosphate pathway (Caretto et al. 2015).
Ritualistic and Medicinal Plants from Marajó-PA Island
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Paulo Wender Portal Gomes, Luiza Helena da Silva Martins, Paulo Weslem Portal Gomes, Emilli Roberta Sousa Pereira, Abraão de Jesus Barbosa Muribeca, Andrea Komesu, Mahendra Rai
The biosynthetic mevalonic acid route (HMG-CoA reductase) produces phenolic compounds, as well as by the shikimic acid route. The route of the shikimic acid (Figure 14.4) begins with condensation between phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and D-erythrose-4-phosphate to generate 7-carbon acid, 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonic acid-7-phosphate (DAHP), and the whole process is catalyzed by enzyme DAHP synthase (DAHPS) (Kougan et al. 2013).
Chemistry of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Shikimic acid (4) is a key synthetic intermediate for plants since it is the key precursor for both the flavonoids and lignin (Bu'Lock, 1965; Mann et al., 1994). The flavonoids are important to plants as antioxidants, colors, protective agents against ultraviolet light, and the like, and lignin is a key component of the structural materials of plants, especially woody tissues. Shikimic acid is synthesized from phosphoenolpyruvate (1) and erythrose 4-phosphate (28), as shown in Figure 6.7, and thus its biosynthesis starts from the carbohydrate pathway. Its derivatives can usually be recognized by the characteristic shikimate pattern of a six-membered ring with either a one- or three-carbon substituent on position one and oxygenation in the third, and/or fourth, and/or fifth positions. However, the oxygen atoms of the final products are not those of the starting shikimate since these are lost initially and then replaced.
Epigenetic regulation of T cell development
Published in International Reviews of Immunology, 2023
Avik Dutta, Harini Venkataganesh, Paul E. Love
Another major focus of developmental immunology is to better understand the molecular cues that regulate the development of mature MHC class II (MHC-II)-restricted CD4+ T cells and class I-restricted CD8+ cytotoxic T cells from bipotent CD4+CD8+ DP precursors in the thymus. One recent study shed light on this by showing that stage specific epigenetic regulation of CD4 expression influences CD4 SP thymocyte generation [59]. Here the authors showed that two stage-specific Cd4 cis-elements, the “proximal” enhancer E4p and a “maturity” enhancer E4m, coordinately promote Cd4 expression in MHC-II-specific mature T cells [59]. They showed that canonical Wnt signaling plays a partial role in this process, while DNA demethylation by TET1 and TET3 activated through E4p and E4m coordination enhances Cd4 transcription in peripheral T cells [59].