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Breast Imaging with Radiolabeled Peptides
Published in Raymond Taillefer, Iraj Khalkhali, Alan D. Waxman, Hans J. Biersack, Radionuclide Imaging of the Breast, 2021
Eric P. Krenning, Marion de Jong, Roelf Valkema, Casper H.J. van Eijck
Between 1977 and 1982 several reports demonstrated a variety of argyrophilic breast tumors containing dense-core secretory granules and showing the typical features of carcinoids. Bussolati et al. also found argyrophilic chromogranin-positive cells immunocytochemically in part of human breast cancers with the mouse monoclonal antibody LK2H10 directed against human chromogranin [38]. Immunoreactivity for neuron-specific enolase, which is present in neurons, neuroendocrine cells, and tumors with neuroendocrine differentiation, was found in more than 30% of breast carcinomas. However, expression of this marker in mammary gland tissues does not appear to be always related to endocrine differentiation, as defined by ultrastructural demonstration of secretory granules. Other markers such as chromogranin A (CgA) and B and synaptophysin were later found to be more specific for neuroendocrine differentiation. In 391 patients with various tumors who underwent somatostatin receptor scintigraphy, we were recently able to make a comparison between serum values of CgA, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and a-subunits of glycoprotein hormones (a-SU). Of 62 patients with breast cancer, elevated serum levels of CgA, NSE, and a-SU were found in 8%, 37%, and 10%, respectively; in 208 patients with various classical neuroendocrine tumors the mean figures were 50%, 43%, and 24%, respectively [39].
Serologic Evaluation Using Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies — Their Diagnostic and Prognostic Usefulness
Published in John T. Kemshead, Pediatric Tumors: Immunological and Molecular Markers, 2020
In 1976, a protein specific for normal neurons was reported by Marangos and Zomzely-Neurath. It has enolase activity and was immunochemically distinct from other enolases.7–9Enolase is an enzyme mediating anerobic glycolysis converting 2-phosphoglycerate to phos-phoenolypyruvate. Two neuroblastoma cell lines had high NSE levels, approaching that of normal adrenal gland.10 We then designed a study to answer the following questions: (1) Is NSE expressed by neuroblastoma cells in vitro? (2) Is serum NSE raised in patients with localized and/or metastatic neuroblastoma? (3) Are serum levels prognostic for survival? We measured serum NSE levels in over 200 children at diagnosis with neuroblastoma having stages I, II, III, IV, and IV-s disease on Children’s Cancer Study Group (CCSG) protocols (Tables 2 and 3). We found that NSE is a sensitive marker: 95% stage IV patients had raised levels greater that 15 ng/ml10,11 (see Table 2). The next question was whether NSE values at diagnosis could be prognostic for survival, and they were (p = 0.009). The strongest correlation was for infants less than 1 year of age (p = 0.0003) when a serum level of greater than and less than 100 ng/ml was used: 7/7 infants having serum NSE less than 100 ng/ml survived while 7/8 infants with levels greater than 100 ng/ml died within 12 months of diagnosis.(Figure l.)11
Grass pollen allergens
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
The group 22 (enolase) and group 24 (PR-1) antigens were identified in Bermuda grass pollen extract using a proteomic approach combining two-dimensional electrophoretic separations, immunoblotting, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and bioinformatics to identify these novel pollen allergens [134]. Both proteins are purified from whole Bermuda grass pollen extracts and possess allergenic activity based on histamine release or skin test responses in allergic patients. Enolase is an IgE-binding protein in a variety of environmental sources including pollen, fungi, cockroach, and seafoods. Cyn d 24 is a glycoprotein (MW = 19–21 kDa, pI = 5.9) structurally similar to the plant pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-1). Sequence identity ranges from 45% to 50% with PR-1 s from barley, wheat, maize, and rice [135]. The carbohydrate moiety, which makes up about 6% of the total weight of the glycoprotein, resembles the structure possessed by Cyn d 4 (BG60): An L-fucose a-(1,3)-linked to an N-acetyl glucosamine without xylose linked to the branching mannose. As with Cyn d 4, there is evidence that the carbohydrate moiety is involved with IgE binding.
Identification, characterization, and molecular phylogeny of scorpion enolase (Androctonus crassicauda and Hemiscorpius lepturus)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Elham Pondehnezhadan, Atefeh Chamani, Fatemeh Salabi, Reihaneh Soleimani
Recently, there has been a growing interest in the molecular-based reconstruction of the scorpions’ phylogeny. Protein-encoding genes in the nuclear genome of the eukaryotes are a rich source of untapped genetic data for phylogenetic research that demonstrates a series of favorable properties for phylogenetic analysis (Wiegmann et al. 2000). The most widely-used nuclear protein-coding genes for phylogenetic utility include arginine kinase, CAD (rudimentary), catalase, enolase (Eno), hunchback, white, PEPCK, and wingless. Enolase is evolutionary related to the superfamily of enzymes, which consists of the muconate lactonizing enzyme family, the mandelate racemase family, and the enolase family (Gerlt et al. 2012). This glycolytic metalloenzyme is the essential catalytic enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phospho enol pyruvate (PEP) in the glycolytic pathway and therefore has a critical role in the development of various species (Lebioda and Stec 1988, Pancholi 2001, Armand et al. 2016). Interestingly, it has previously been reported that surface enolase assists in the plasmin activation, concentrates plasmin proteolytic activity on the pericellular area, and protects plasmin from its inhibitor α2-antiplasmin by interacting with the plasminogen (Díaz-Ramos et al. 2012, Osorio-Aguilar et al. 2021). Active plasmin, a potent serine protease, enhances the invasion and dissemination of pathogens in the hosts through the degradation of the extracellular matrix surrounding the targeted host cell (Ghosh and Jacobs-Lorena 2011, Díaz-Ramos et al. 2012).
Identification of a novel glycolysis-related gene signature for predicting the survival of patients with colon adenocarcinoma
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2022
Kezhen Yi, Jianyuan Wu, Xuan Tang, Qian Zhang, Bicheng Wang, Fubing Wang
Among the five biomarker genes (SPAG4, P4HA1, STC2, ENO3, and GPC1) found in this study, SPAG4 is expressed at a lower level in normal tissues but at a high level in various malignancies [19–23]. SPAG4 is a downstream target of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 that regulates cytokinesis, according to some research, and its expression is related to cancer prognosis [24,25]. P4HA1 is a hypoxia response gene that plays an important role in extracellular matrix remodeling during hypoxia [26,27]. The extracellular matrix is crucial for tumor invasion and metastasis. Therefore, P4HA1 is significantly related to tumor start and development [28–30]. Another HIF-1 target gene is STC2. It stimulates cell proliferation in the presence of hypoxia and is associated with tumor growth [31,32]. STC2 promotes tumor migration and invasion by triggering epithelial–mesenchymal transition and has the potential to be employed as a predictive cancer marker [33,34]. Enolase (ENO) is one of the main enzymes in the glycolytic pathway. ENO3 has been identified as a possible predictive biomarker for colon cancer in studies [35]. Glypican-1 (GPC1) is known to influence tumor development, invasion, metastasis, and progression through its influence on the tumor microenvironment and is overexpressed in a range of solid tumors [36,37].
Blood-based traumatic brain injury biomarkers – Clinical utilities and regulatory pathways in the United States, Europe and Canada
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Kevin K. Wang, Jennifer C. Munoz Pareja, Stefania Mondello, Ramon Diaz-Arrastia, Cheryl Wellington, Kimbra Kenney, Ava M. Puccio, Jamie Hutchison, Nicole McKinnon, David O. Okonkwo, Zhihui Yang, Firas Kobeissy, J. Adrian Tyndall, András Büki, Endre Czeiter, Maria C. Pareja Zabala, Nithya Gandham, Rebecca Berman
Neuronal specific enolase (NSE) is enriched in the central nervous system (CNS) neuronal cell body and is associated with both secondary injury progression and poor prognosis [23,24]. However, NSE is also abundant in red blood cells, and its release from extracranial compartments can be a confounding issue in TBI associated with polytrauma. More recently, another neuronal cell body injury biomarker has been identified – ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCH-L1) [25]. UCH-L1 is elevated in both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum after severe TBI, and its levels correlate with early mortality (i.e. within the first 10 days) [26–28]. UCH-L1 is also a promising acute diagnostic biomarker for mild-moderate TBI as well as a short-term prognostic biomarker as its levels are correlated with 6-month clinical outcomes [29,30]. In addition, UCHL-1 has high sensitivity and NPV in adults and children with TBI, supporting its potential clinical role for ruling out the need for a CT scan among patients with TBI presenting at emergency departments [31–33]. These attributes make UCHL-1one the most promising biomarkers of injury.