China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Role of Nutrition and Diet Therapy in Boosting Immunity
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
ω-3 fatty acids, including eicosatetraenoic acid and ω-3 docosahexaenoic acid, are accountable for normal brain development, decreased risk of cardiovascular disease and optimal vision (Abedi & Sahari, 2014). Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid have cardioprotective, anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic and anti-arrhythmic properties. They also cause a reduction in blood pressure, inhibit the atherosclerotic plaque growth and provide strength to the endothelial function (Ander et al., 2003), so these molecules appear to be promising molecules along with anti-ageing, antioxidant, anti-arthritic, antihypertensive and antidepressive effects (Siriwardhana et al., 2012).
Therapeutic Potential of Marine Foods: A Review
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Zohaib Hassan, Muhammad Kamran Khan, Farhan Saeed, Sadia Hassan, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria
Omega-3 FAs decrease the level of arachidonic acid (AA) in the phospholipid membrane of endothelial cells, inflammatory cells, and platelets, which result in the decreased production of AA-derived pro-inflammatory mediators including hydroxyl-eicosatetraenoic acid, leukotriene, prostaglandin, and thromboxane [183]. Consumption of EPA for a long duration prevents the activity of Rho-kinase that is responsible to down-regulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase and to up-regulate pro-inflammatory molecules [21].
Leukotriene Receptors in the Airways
Published in Devendra K. Agrawal, Robert G. Townley, Inflammatory Cells and Mediators in Bronchial Asthma, 2020
John B. Cheng, James F. Eggler
The leukotrienes (LTs) are a naturally occurring class of substances derived from the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway of oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid.1 Chemical and biochemical studies demonstrate that these substances consist of two distinct classes: (1) the peptidoleukotrienes LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4; and (2) the 12-hydroxylated eicosatetraenoic acids LTB4, 20-OH-LTB4, and 20-COOH-LTB4. It is well established that many resident cell types in airways (e.g., mast cells and macrophages) can synthesize leukotrienes upon both immunological and nonimmunological challenge. Leukotrienes are often called local hormones since they are produced and inactivated at the site of action. This notion is supported by the fact that very low levels of these substances are found in the plasma of normal or diseased persons. During the past 5 years, significant progress has been made toward understanding the biochemical properties at 5-LO and other enzymes involved in leukotriene biosynthesis and metabolism.2 In fact, human 5-LO has been purified and the cDNA for this enzyme has been cloned.3 Selective and specific inhibitors of 5-LO and inhibitors of leukotriene biosynthesis have been discovered and are currently undergoing clinical evaluation for possible use in the treatment of asthma, psoriasis, and other inflammatory diseases.
The protective effects of capsaicin on oxidative damage-induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Muhammed Fatih Doğan, Neşe Başak Türkmen, Aslı Taşlıdere, Yasemin Şahin, Osman Çiftçi
Similar to our results, previous studies have reported that substances, such as eicosatetraenoic acid in the kidney (Palaniswamy et al. 2014), melatonin in the heart (Mehmet et al. 2015) and kidney (İlhan et al. 2015), thymoquinone in the liver (Erdemli et al. 2018) have an ameliorative effect on oxidative organ damage caused by TCDD. However, capsaicin and its analogs have been used medicinally for centuries, recently it has been extensively studied for its antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-obesity properties (Chapa-Oliver and Mejía-Teniente 2016). Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense systems protect the cell against TCDD-induced oxidative damage under normal physiological conditions (Ciftci et al. 2011). In addition, TBARS is a product of lipid peroxidation resulting from the increase of reactive oxygen species (Esterbauer and Cheeseman 1990). In our study, capsaicin decreased the TBARS level whereas elevated the GSH amount and SOD activity in the tissues of rats exposed to TCDD.
Exposure of Mactra corallina to acute doses of lead: effects on redox status, fatty acid composition and histomorphological aspect
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Imene Chetoui, Safa Bejaoui, Wafa Trabelsi, Imen Rabeh, Salwa Nechi, Emna Chelbi, Mohamed Ghalghaf, Mhamed El Cafsi, Nejla Soudani
In our study, a significant decline in PUFA (n-3) was observed following the treatment of M. corallina with lead especially in the levels of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. This oxidation of PUFA (n-3) indicate that the pro-oxidant effect of PbCl2 altered membrane integrity and fluidity in the cells of bivalves which was confirmed by the increase of MDA levels, the index of lipid peroxidation, (negative correlation) and by the decrease of the polyene index which measures PUFA damage (positive correlation). Therefore, their depletion by lead in our study can disturb their anti-inflammatory roles which may induce an alteration of cell structure and function (Thyrring et al.2015). In addition, through a cascade of elongation or desaturation, the PUFAs are synthesized by conversion processes (Bret and Müller-Navarra 1997). Thus, in all PbCl2 treated groups, a decline of DHA and EPA levels was coupled by an increase of their respective precursors, such as α-linolenic acid (ALA: C18:3n-3) and eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA, C20:4n-3), and by a decrease in the activities of the estimated Δ6 (D6D) and Δ5 (D5D) desaturase ratios responsible for the conversion of the ALA and ETA substrates into the DHA and EPA products, respectively (De Moreno et al.1976, Da Costa et al.2015). In this context, we suggest that the metal (Pb) can probably modify desaturases’ activities through the inhibition of their processes.
An inflammatory triangle in Sarcoidosis: PPAR-γ, immune microenvironment, and inflammation
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Parnia Jabbari, Mona Sadeghalvad, Nima Rezaei
PPARs belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily consisting of 3 ligand-activated transcription factors including PPAR-α (known as NR1C3), PPAR-γ (known as NR1C1) and PPAR-δ (known as PPAR β or NR1C2). Each PPAR is encoded by diverse genes in different chromosomes, but their substantial amino acids and ligand-binding domains are similar to each other. PPAR-α and PPAR-γ, have the potential roles in inhibition of inflammatory-related genes expression [39,40]. A wide range of ligands may activate PPARs. For instance, long-chain fatty acids and eicosanoids are ligands for PPAR-α and PPAR-β/δ. By contrast, PPAR-γ is operated by arachidonic acid metabolites, like 5-oxo-15(S)-hydroxy eicosatetraenoic acid and 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid [7].