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Cultivation of Entamoeba Histolytica
Published in Roberto R. Kretschmer, Amebiasis: Infection and Disease by Entamoeba histolytica, 2020
The 1925 report describes several media of which two were recommended: LES and LEA. Both media were diphasic consisting of a slant of inspissated whole egg overlaid with Locke’s solution (LES), or fresh egg albumin (LEA). In these cultures amebic growth was obtained in the presence of the fecal flora accompanying the parasite.
Protein as a Functional Food Ingredient for Optimizing Weight Loss and Body Composition
Published in Robert E.C. Wildman, Richard S. Bruno, Handbook of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, 2019
Paul J. Arciero, Michael J. Ormsbee, Robert E.C. Wildman, Donald K. Layman
Dietary protein sources vary within different foods, such as gluten in wheat, albumin in eggs, and casein and whey in milk. Specifically, these proteins are made up of a group of proteins or chemically associated protein molecules. The protein in egg albumin includes ovalbumin, ovotransferrin, ovomucoid, ovomucin, and lysozyme. In the case of milk whey protein, it includes β-lactoglobulin, α-lactalbumin, immunoglobulins, bovine serum albumin, lactoferrin, and lactoperoxidase, as well as glycomacropeptide (GMP), a casein-derived protein in cheese whey, whereas the principal milk casein fractions are α(s1) and α(s2)-caseins, β-casein, and kappa-casein.
Overview of hypersensitivity
Published in Gabriel Virella, Medical Immunology, 2019
Much of our early knowledge about immediate hypersensitivity reactions was derived from studies in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs immunized with egg albumin frequently suffer from an acute allergic reaction upon challenge with this same antigen. This reaction is very rapid (observed within a few minutes after the challenge) and is known as an anaphylactic reaction. It often results in the death of the animal in anaphylactic shock. If serum from a guinea pig sensitized 7–10 days earlier with a single injection of egg albumin and adjuvant is transferred to a nonimmunized animal that is challenged 48 hours later with egg albumin, this animal develops an anaphylactic reaction and may also die in anaphylactic shock. Because hypersensitivity was transferred with serum, this observation suggested that antibodies play a critical pathogenic role in this type of hypersensitivity.
The reversed passive Arthus reaction as a model for investigating the mechanisms of inflammation-associated hemostasis
Published in Platelets, 2020
Ophélie Le Chapelain, Soumaya Jadoui, Yacine Boulaftali, Benoit Ho-Tin-Noé
A common antigen/antibody combination used to trigger the RPA in mice is serum bovine albumin (BSA) and anti-BSA rabbit IgG [8,9,18,19,33,43–46]. Other antigen/antibody pairs like chicken egg albumin and anti-chicken egg albumin rabbit IgG have also been used with comparable efficacy [42,47,49,52,55,58]. As the use of heterologous rabbit IgG in mice might look surprising, it is worth noting that rabbit IgG immune complexes have Fc pieces recognized by mouse Fcγ receptors (FcγR) [59–62]. In the vast majority of the studies, the precipitating rabbit IgG is injected intradermally in the mouse dorsal skin at a dose 60 µg/spot in a volume ranging from 20 to 30 µL. Irrelevant rabbit IgG or saline are usually injected as negative controls. The dorsal skin offers several injection sites, thus allowing to have negative controls and/or multiple RPA spots in each mouse. Depending on the study, the dose of antigen injected iv varies between 20 and 150 µg/g body weight [8,9,18,19,33,43]. The reasons for these variations in the dose of antigen used are not clear but one can assume that it is due to the fact that the antigen dose is the easiest (and least expensive) parameter one can adjust to modulate RPA severity and kinetics.
Metal nanoparticles as a promising technology in targeted cancer treatment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Jia-Jie Xu, Wan-Chen Zhang, Ya-Wen Guo, Xiao-Yi Chen, You-Ni Zhang
One of the most common metallic NPs in the world is zinc oxide. Zinc oxide NPs have received a lot of attention recently because of their ability to produce ROS when exposed to light. Particles of zinc oxide can be modified chemically to increase their photocatalytic efficiency as well as their ability to generate ROS by a variety of methods including doping with metals, polymer modification, and organic photosensitizing agents. The improved antibacterial and anticancer activity of modified zinc oxide NPs can be attributed to their increased ROS generation efficiency (Sivakumar et al., 2018). The potential anticancer activity of the CUR-loaded zinc oxide NPs was investigated using the MTT assay on the rhabdomyosarcoma RD cell line, while their cytotoxic effects were assessed using the resazurin assay on human embryonic kidney cells. The large aspect ratio of ZnO structures was considered a factor in the NPs' increased cytotoxicity (Perera et al., 2020). In another study, it was reported that egg albumin was used in the biosynthesis of zinc oxide NPs. The system showed anticancer efficacy on MCF-7 as measured by the MTT assay, with considerable cytotoxicity and correspondingly reduced cellular viability. The prepared NPs induced ROS, which increased the regulated transcription of mRNA levels of apoptotic genes such as p53, bcl-2, caspase-3, and caspase-9 while drastically downregulating the expression of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, according to a gene expression research (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis. The findings suggested that the nano system specifically suppressed MCF-7 gene expression via ROS damage and cell death induced by cytotoxicity (Vijayakumar et al., 2020).
Psychedelics as anti-inflammatory agents
Published in International Review of Psychiatry, 2018
Thomas W. Flanagan, Charles D. Nichols
Multiple models of murine allergic airways disease exist, with most involving the repeated exposure of the animal to some allergen (usually either chicken egg albumin [OVA] or house dust mite antigen) followed by an analysis of airway structural remodelling and lung function, inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus production, and inflammatory mediator expression (Locke, Royce, Wainewright, Samuel, & Tang, 2007). OVA treatment in mice (sensitization with systemic OVA to induce an IgE response, and then exposure to inhaled OVA to induce an allergic reaction in the lung, Figure 1) recapitulates several hallmark symptoms of human allergic asthma including pulmonary inflammation, AHR, mucus over-production, and eosinophilia. Consistent with the previously observed potencies of (R)-DOI to prevent inflammation, nasally-administered (R)-DOI at doses as low as 0.01 mg/kg completely prevents AHR, eosinophilia, and pulmonary inflammation (Nau et al., 2015). Significantly, this dose is far below what is necessary to elicit a behavioural response. We have found that several other psychedelic compounds also prevent the development of asthma, indicating that this property is not unique to (R)-DOI (unpublished data). Gene expression analysis revealed that only some pro-inflammatory cytokines were suppressed by (R)-DOI treatment and included gm-csf, Il5, and Il13 (Nau et al., 2015). Other cytokines previously implicated in the pathophysiology of asthma, like Il4, were not. Flow cytometry of dissociated lung cells showed that (R)-DOI also reduced Th2 cell recruitment and polarization in the treated animals compared to sham treated asthmatic mice (Nau et al., 2015).