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Clinical Test Paradigms and Problems: Human Otoprotection Studies
Published in Stavros Hatzopoulos, Andrea Ciorba, Mark Krumm, Advances in Audiology and Hearing Science, 2020
Colleen G. Le Prell, Kathleen C. M. Campbell
Prevention of EHF threshold shifts would be an encouraging positive outcome in a clinical trial, and it is possible that such protection may prove beneficial for patients. However, the overall clinical utility of protection that is limited to EHF thresholds should be interpreted with caution. Although a few studies have shown potentially intriguing parallels in which small EHF deficits and speech-in-noise difficulties were observed within the same cohorts (Badri et al., 2011; Liberman et al., 2016), there is no direct evidence that damage to the most basal regions of the cochlea, resulting in EHF loss, causes speech-in-noise deficits. Moreover, others reporting small EHF deficits have failed to find evidence of deficits on speech-in-noise or other difficult psychophysical tests (Grose et al., 2017; Prendergast et al., 2017; Yeend et al., 2017). If reliable reduction in EHF deficits can be shown to predict hearing retention at the conventional frequencies that are useful for communication (the current gold standard metric), enthusiasm for HFA as a clinical trial outcome during drug development would increase.
Marburg and Ebola Virus Infections
Published in James H. S. Gear, CRC Handbook of Viral and Rickettsial Hemorrhagic Fevers, 2019
Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) was first recognized as two outbreaks which occurred almost simultaneously during 1976 in southern Sudan and northern Zaire.9,10 Material obtained from these outbreaks was shown to contain viruses morphologically indistinguishable from Marburg virus, but further tests showed them to be antigenically distinct.11-13 At first it was believed that the virus had been disseminated from Sudan to Zaire by truck drivers and traders. Such persons, who had casual contact with patients in Sudan and who subsequently were present in the Zairean EHF affected area, were actually identified.
African Cities and Ebola
Published in Igor Vojnovic, Amber L. Pearson, Gershim Asiki, Geoffrey DeVerteuil, Adriana Allen, Handbook of Global Urban Health, 2019
Zacchaeus Anywaine, Ggayi Abubaker Mustapher
Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a severe viral illness caused by infection with one of the five known Ebola virus species (Zheng et al. 2015). The first cases of EVD occurred in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, Sudan (currently South Sudan) and the other in Yambuku, Zaire (currently the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)). The Zaire cases were mainly from Yambuku, a small village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name. Similarly, the virus species have taken the names of places where subsequent outbreaks have happened, and these are: Zaire ebolavirus (ZEBOV), Sudan ebolavirus (SEBOV), Tai Forest ebolavirus (TAFV) (formerly known as Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus), Bundibugyo ebolavirus (BEBOV) and Reston ebolavirus (REBOV). Of the five species, ZEBOV is the most pathogenic in humans, followed by SEBOV, BEBOV and lastly TAFV. REBOV is known only to be pathogenic to non-human primates (Feldmann and Geisbert 2011).
Chronic exposure to 2.45 GHz microwave radiation improves cognition and synaptic plasticity impairment in vascular dementia model
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Mahnaz Bayat, Narges Karimi, Mohammad Karami, Afshin Borhani Haghighi, Kamjoo Bayat, Somayeh Akbari, Masoud Haghani
Although controversy continues on the precise effects of the EMF on human health and well-being in many ways, there is widespread belief that exposure to EMF has negative effects. However, the therapeutic effects of extremely low frequency EMF (3 Hz–3 kHz) in different kinds of disease have been previously investigated and several studies have confirmed the neuroprotective effects of ELF-EMF in rat models of Huntington's disease, Alzheimer disease, hippocampal injury with trimethyltin chloride, and spinal cord injury [11–13]. Additionally, Cichon et al. have recently reported the beneficial effects of ELF-EMF on post stroke rehabilitation in human [14–16]. Additionally, it has been suggested that the low intensity EHF-EMF has the biological effects in nerve cells [17] and therapeutic outcome in the neurological disorders [18, 19, ]
Transient otoacoustic emissions and audiogram fine structure in the extended high-frequency region
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2021
The results from the current study in the EHF region differ from those reported at lower frequencies in three respects. First, there is no distinctive peak seen in the reciprocal spectral periodicity distribution in the range of values of fC/Δf from 10 to 30, unlike that seen in previous studies (Kapadia and Lutman 1999). This result differs from the findings of Kapadia and Lutman (1999) over the frequency range from 1.2 to 2.2, where individuals with weak TEOAEs showed weak audiogram ripple. Second, the mean ripple depth is lower than that found by previous studies at lower frequencies leading to poor test–retest reliability in some ears. Kapadia and Lutman (1999) reported ripple depths in the range of 2–12 dB while Horst, Wit, and Albers (2003) found a mean of about 6 dB (4–10 dB). The current study showed a mean of 3.7 dB (1.7–7.1 dB) which was weaker than that in the previous studies. Third, the lack of a significant correlation between the magnitude of the ripple depth and the frequency-average of either the HTLs or the TEOAE amplitude differs from the findings at lower frequencies (Horst et. al. 2003; Kapadia and Lutman 1999). This non-signficant result differs from the results of Horst, Wit, and Albers (2003; Figure 3) who found a significant correlation between the mean ripple depth and the frequency-average HTL over the range of 0.25–3.5 kHz.
Targeting Ebola virus replication through pharmaceutical intervention
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2021
Frederick Hansen, Heinz Feldmann, Michael A Jarvis
Due to a lack of consistent association of hemorrhagic symptomology with infection, Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) was renamed EVD during the 2013–2015 West Africa epidemic. Due to its relatively higher association with human outbreaks (as well as wild ape disease), most is known about EBOV compared to other ebolaviruses, and therefore EBOV will serve as the primary focus of this review. Characteristics of disease associated with EBOV infection result both from direct as well as indirect mechanisms. EVD is characterized by an initial viral prodrome and febrile illness (headache, myalgia, nausea and vomiting), followed by capillary leakage and hemorrhage, which progresses in severe cases to a septic-shock like syndrome with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and multiorgan failure [20]. EBOV replicates in a wide variety of different cell types (macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), endothelial cells, hepatocytes and fibroblasts) during infection [21], and the biology of EBOV within these different cells accounts, in large part, for characteristics of EVD.