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The Precision Medicine Approach in Oncology
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
After the enrichment step, detection technologies developed to date include direct methodologies involving immuno-cytochemistry, immune-fluorescence, and/or flow cytometry. Indirect methods involving the Reverse Transcriptase-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) have also been developed for this purpose. Among the current immuno-affinity technologies is the CellSearchTM system developed by Johnson & Johnson (New Brunswick, NJ) which was the first FDA-approved technology for CTC enrichment and detection in patients with metastatic breast, prostate and colorectal cancer.
Carbohydrate Histochemistry
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
Bradley A. Schulte, Russell A. Harley, Samuel S. Spicer
Highly specialized cells line the airways and alveoli of the adult respiratory tract. These cells produce diverse GCs that form the glycocalyx at the cell’s surface. We have little knowledge about the structure of GCs that form the glycocalyx of respiratory tract epithelial cells, since the glycocalyx of one cell type is not biochemically separable from that of another and glycocalyx GCs cannot be reliably isolated from the more abundant secretory glycoproteins that form the mucous surface coat. Cytochemistry provides advantages over biochemical methods for analyzing cell surface components including (1) revealing differences in the structure of the glycocalyx of histologically different cell types, (2) providing the capacity to show differences in GCs of the apical and the basolateral plasmalemma of a cell, and (3) showing changes in the chemical nature of a given cell’s surface during fetal and postnatal development or resulting from pathological change or experimental manipulation.
Sex Steroid Action Mechanism by Cytochemistry in Normal and Neoplastic Target-Tissues*
Published in Louis P. Pertschuk, Sin Hang Lee, Localization of Putative Steroid Receptors, 2019
Elisabetta Marchetti, Andrea Marzola, Alberto Bagni, Patricza Querzoli, Guidalberto Fabris, Italo Nenci
Cytochemical techniques have been exploited in appropriate experimental conditions to investigate some events of the mechanism of interaction of steroid hormones with target cells; resorting to cytochemistry is issued from the need to overcome the disadvantages inherent in the biochemical approach of the study of hormone action, that is, the use of disrupting procedures.
Measurable residual disease in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2021
W H Segerink, V de Haas, G J L Kaspers
Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) distinguishes a variety of subtypes, due to its heterogeneity in morphology, immunophenotype, and cytogenetics, including molecular alterations of the leukemic cells that are derived from the peripheral blood (PB) or bone marrow (BM), and occasionally from solid tumor masses, so-called chloromas or leukemic skin infiltrations, both consisting of AML cells [1,2]. Classification is nowadays done using the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, which again is based on morphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotyping, karyotyping, and molecular analysis [3]. Treatment of pediatric AML patients results in a complete remission (defined as <5% blasts in BM, and no leukemic cells in PB or elsewhere) rate of over 90% and long-term survival rates of at least 70% [4–7]. Survival has improved due to intensification of chemotherapy, the addition of novel agents, improved allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT), better risk-group stratified therapy, enhanced salvage at relapse, and advances in supportive care. Risk-group classification is nowadays based on cytogenetic (including molecular) aberrations in the leukemic cells and the extent of measurable-residual disease (MRD) during treatment [8].
Cytoproliferative effect of low dose alpha radiation in human lung cancer cells is associated with connexin 43, caveolin-1, and survivin pathway
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Vasumathy Rajan, Badri Narain Pandey
A549 cells were irradiated with 1.36 cGy of α-irradiation. The cells were harvested after 24 h of irradiation. Control and irradiated A549 cells (5 × 106) were injected subcutaneously in the flank region of 6–7 weeks old SCID mice (n = 10) purchased from Advanced Center for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer, Navi Mumbai. Animal experiments were approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee and conducted according to its ethical guidelines. The tumor growth was measured using digital vernier caliper for 42 days and tumor size was calculated as mentioned previously (Desai et al. 2016). After 42 days, the mice were sacrificed to obtain tumor tissue samples for histopathological analysis and immuno-histochemistry following protocols mentioned earlier (Desai et al. 2016). The slides were observed using confocal laser scanning microscope as mentioned for immune-cytochemistry.
Potential CD34 signaling through phosphorylated-BAD in chemotherapy-resistant acute myeloid leukemia
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2019
Stephnie Kang-Xian Yiau, CinDee Lee, Eusni Rahayu Mohd. Tohit, Kian Meng Chang, Maha Abdullah
Acute myeloid leukemia patients were recruited from adult Hematology wards in Hospital Ampang, Selangor. Patients of both sexes, all races and diagnosed with AML were included. Diagnosis was based on a combination of cytomorphology, cytochemistry, immunophenotype, and clinical features. Patients treated with pre-chemotherapy drugs, had other underlying medical conditions or diseases including pregnancy or recent blood transfusion were excluded from the study. This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the Medical Research Ethics Committee, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, with written informed consent from all subjects. All subjects gave written informed consent in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The protocol was approved by the Medical Research Ethics Committee, Ministry of Health, Malaysia. Twelve ml of peripheral blood was collected at diagnosis and on day-3 of induction therapy into heparinized tubes. Induction therapy consisted of the AML Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster (BFM)-83 protocol with induction–consolidation–maintenance phases of chemotherapy. Patients who achieved complete remission (CR), i.e. <5% blast in second bone marrow report were considered chemo-sensitive patients. Reports with blast >5% were considered chemo-resistant.