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The Potential of Microbial Mediated Fermentation Products of Herbal Material in Anti-Aging Cosmetics
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Cysteine-rich proteins of the CCN protein family are expressed under conditions of oxidative stress, and six distinct cysteine rich proteins (CCN1–6) are distinguished. These are associated with the ECM and confer a myriad of functions, including regulation of ECM synthesis and degradation, inflammation and wound healing. Cysteine-rich protein 61, CCN1, is predominantly expressed in human dermal fibroblasts and expression in both chronologically and photoaged skin is elevated. The contribution of CCN1 to aberrant homeostasis within the dermis is three-fold (Quan and Fisher, 2015), as described following.
Metals
Published in Frank A. Barile, Barile’s Clinical Toxicology, 2019
Anirudh J. Chintalapati, Frank A. Barile
Cu has high affinity for metallothionein, a small cysteine-rich protein linked to Cu storage and transport. High Cu levels stimulate metallothionein synthesis. Glutathione, amino acids, ATP, and recently identified copper metallochaperones escort intracellular Cu transport. Physiological Cu-binding ligands are normally present in serum to protect against its toxicity by coordinating the cellular transport of Cu with intracellular enzymes, thereby effectively controlling and balancing its circulating levels. However, the bioavailability of Cu depends on the physiological age of the patient or victim and the amount ingested. Approximately one-half of the Cu consumed by the average adult is absorbed in the GI tract, of which two-thirds is secreted into bile and excreted in feces, with trace amounts eliminated via urine, hair, and sweat.
For The Want of a Nail … Trace Elements in Health and Disease
Published in Owen M. Rennert, Wai-Yee Chan, Metabolism of Trace Metals in Man, 2017
Paul Saltman, Jack Hegenauer, Linda Strause
There are two principal storage forms of copper. The first is the serum protein, ceruloplasmin. Wilson’s disease is a human genetic disorder in which the ability to synthesize ceruloplasmin is lost.39,40 Affected patients deposit toxic levels of copper in liver, brain, and other organs. Symptoms include schizophrenic behavior and loss of nerve-muscle coordination. Copper can be removed by chelation therapy using D-penicillamine which binds the copper in a low molecular weight complex excreted in the urine. The second copper storage protein is called metallothionein. Originally thought to be specific for zinc binding, this small, cysteine-rich protein can bind large amounts of copper, cadmium, mercury, and other heavy metals as well. Metallothionein serves as a detoxifying agent in the intestinal mucosa, liver, and kidney, but apparently does not participate in transport or enzymic reactions.
Targeting signaling pathways involved in primordial follicle growth or dormancy: potential application in prevention of follicular loss and infertility
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Sara Ali Farhat, Forouq Jabbari, Parnian Jabbari, Nima Rezaei
Recently, studies proved that the Hippo pathway has an important role in the recruitment and growth of follicles [46]. This is achieved through a serine/threonine protein kinase cascade that targets some key effectors including yes-associated protein (YAP)/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) by retaining them in the cytoplasm through phosphorylation [46,47]. Disruption in the function of Hippo in fragmented murine ovaries will cause a reduction in YAP phosphorylation. This will increase its nuclear expression, and thus enhance the production of downstream CCN growth factors (a family consisting of Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), Cysteine rich protein (Cyr61) and Nephroblastoma overexpressed gene (nov)) implicated in promoting follicle growth [25]. The elevated levels of YAP in the nucleus of primordial follicles following human ovarian tissue transplantation support the role of Hippo in their development and growth [47].
Intracellular activation of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide into a DNA-alkylating agent in human leucocytes
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Minghan Yong, Kathryn Elisa Burns, Janak de Zoysa, Nuala Ann Helsby
We found that there was an increased potency of DNA-alkylation in PBMC exposed to 4-OHCP relative to exogenous PAM for all three donors tested. Indeed, the DNA-alkylating potency of 4-OHCP in cells increased >18-fold compared to the intrinsic reactivity of 4-OHCP for purified gDNA. This contrasts with the >190-fold decrease in potency of PAM in PBMC relative to purified gDNA. This could be related to the ability of PAM to alkylate cysteine-rich proteins (Wei et al. 1999) and other intracellular proteins (Groehler et al. 2016). Such reactions with membrane and cytosolic proteins will sequester PAM as it enters cells and decrease the amount able to reach the nuclear compartment. In contrast, intra-cellular conversion of 4-OHCP into PAM would be expected to increase the relative amount reaching the nucleus. This would result in an apparently higher alkylating potency of 4-OHCP compared to exogenous PAM. However, we cannot discount the possible additional effect of DNA adducts due to the by-product hydroxypropanal/acrolein. This by-product, formed from hydrolysis of the phospho-ester bond of aldophosphamide, can cause DNA single strand breaks (Fleer and Brendel 1982; Crook et al. 1986; McDiarmid et al. 1991; Tang et al. 2011) and apoptosis (Engels et al. 2016; Voelcker 2017). We could not determine the effect of acrolein on the QPCR-block assay, since it was not commercially available to us. However, PAM, rather than acrolein, is considered to be the major contributor to DNA-alkylation.
l -Cysteine Stimulates the Effect of Vitamin D on Inhibition of Oxidative Stress, IL-8, and MCP-1 Secretion in High Glucose Treated Monocytes
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2021
Sushil K. Jain, David Micinski, Rajesh Parsanathan
LC is a semiessential amino acid. Supplementation with LC or N-acetylcysteine, cysteine-rich proteins (whey protein and α-lactoalbumin), or the cysteinate form of different compounds helps lower circulating levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, and insulin resistance in cell culture, animal and human studies (39–43,48,54,58,59). Epidemiological studies and clinical trials with vitamin D supplementation demonstrate that lower blood levels of vitamin D are associated with a higher incidence of diabetes and risk factors associated with the complications of diabetes (57). Vitamin D supplementation is associated with a decrease in blood levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, markers of vascular inflammation, insulin resistance, and glycemia in normal and diabetic patients (57,60,61).