China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Pharmacology of the Lower Urinary Tract
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Pedro Abreu-Mendes, João Silva, Francisco Cruz
M2 receptors:Most abundant in the detrusor.Act via a Gi type receptor → decrease intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) → decrease intracellular calcium, inhibiting voltage-gated Ca2+ channels + increase efflux of K+ ions → promote SM relaxation
Therapeutic Potential of Anthocyanin Against Diabetes
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Tawheed Amin, H. R. Naik, Bazila Naseer, Syed Zameer Hussain
Activated AMPK also suppresses gluconeogenesis and thus abolishes abnormal upsurge of blood glucose in diabetic ob/ob mice [42]. Activated AMPK devitalizes the program of gluconeogenesis by promoting the transducer of regulated cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) response element-binding (CR E-binding) protein activity 2 (TORC2) phosphorylation and blocking its nuclear accumulation [42]. Several other studies to investigate the potential role of anthocyanins against diabetes are summarized in Table 5.1.
Apoptosis: Cellular Signaling and Molecular Mechanisms
Published in John J. Lemasters, Constance Oliver, Cell Biology of Trauma, 2020
Rosemary B. Evans, John A. Cidlowski
The second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) can have a profound effect on programmed cell death. Agents which elevate endogenous cAMP (such as forskolin and prostaglandin E2) and cAMP analogs are able to trigger apoptosis in thymocytes without an increase in intracellular Ca2+.2 This effect is blocked by inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis, is mediated by activation of protein kinase A, and involves activation of cAMP dependent protein kinase I.2 In contrast, a permeable derivative of cAMP retards apoptosis following withdrawal of IL-3 from a dependent cell line.46 Thus, like so many other compounds, cAMP can have different effects on apoptosis depending on the cell type.
Recent advances of Phosphodiesterase 4B in cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2023
Yu Miao, Li Peng, Zhaolin Chen, Ying Hu, Liangsong Tao, Yan Yao, Yincui Wu, Dashuai Yang, Tao Xu
Cancer is local tissue cells at the gene level losing the normal regulation of its growth, resulting in abnormal cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, over-proliferating cells can invade surrounding tissues and even metastasize to other parts of the body through the body circulatory or lymphatic system [1]. According to Global Burden of Disease Study, cancer ranks first as the cause of premature death in the world, with nearly 19,300,000 new cases of cancer and 10,000,000 deaths from cancer in 2020 [2,3]. Based on the American Cancer Society, there will be 1,918,030 new cases of cancer and 609,360 deaths from cancer in the United States in 2022 [4]. Cancer occurs and develops in a complex manner [5]. People’s genetic factors and other external factors co-contribute to the main risk of cancer. The external factors may include biological carcinogens, chemical carcinogens and physical carcinogens, etc. Varying form the stage of cancer and the patient’s physical condition, cancer treatment is generally achieved by directly killing cancer cells or interfering with the signals related to survival. Such as, surgery, radiotherapy, systemic treatment, etc. Of note, targeted therapy for cancer has now replaced some of the traditional therapies, especially non-solid tumor, but there was still a lack of new and effective targets [6–8]. Anyway, Rudolf Virchow proposed that cancer originated from inflammation [9,10]. In addition, cancer is often thought to be associated with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in the microenvironment [11,12]. Therefore, cAMP may provide a direction for cancer treatment.
Restraint stress induces uterine microenvironment disorder in mice during early pregnancy through the β2-AR/cAMP/PKA pathway
Published in Stress, 2021
Jiayin Lu, Guanhui Liu, Zixu Wang, Jing Cao, Yaoxing Chen, Yulan Dong
β2-AR activates cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate), a second messenger, which activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) (Bruzzone et al., 2014). Meanwhile, the cAMP/PKA pathway induces apoptosis in cardiac myocytes (Hasegawa et al., 2001). In our previous studies, restraint stress was shown to disturb the adaptive reconstruction of the endometrium during implantation in maternal mice (Liu, et al., 2015) and to be associated with an imbalance between cell proliferation and apoptosis (Liu et al., 2014, 2015). β2-AR was shown to activate pro-survival kinases and attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction during oxidative stress (Fajardo et al., 2011). However, a study showed that the activation of β2-AR is detrimental to cardiac and skeletal muscles through the induction of apoptosis (Burniston et al., 2005).
An update on emerging drugs for the treatment of erectile dysfunction
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2018
U. Milenkovic, J. Campbell, E. Roussel, M. Albersen
Neurons in the spinal cord and peripheral ganglia come together in the sacral nerve center to control erections. They form the parasympathetic neurons that are part of the neurovascular bundle containing the cavernous nerves. These enter the corpora spongiosa and cavernosa to provide the neural basis of erections [30]. Parasympathetic nonadrenergic, noncholinergic release NO in the cavernosal space. Additionally, the cavernosal endothelium itself also releases NO in response to cholinergic nerve stimulation and stretch due to the increased blood flow (vasodilatation). NO is produced by NO synthase (NOS), with specific isoforms depending on the cell type producing it (neuronal (n)NOS and endothelial (e)NOS). NO diffuses into the smooth muscle cells (SMC) and activates intracellular soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC), which in turn incites a cGMP-synthesis. A cGMP-specific protein kinase then inhibits the intracellular flow of calcium, resulting in smooth muscle relaxation, contributing to increased penile blood supply [30]. Rapid filling of the cavernosal space impedes venous leakage through compression of subtunical veins, maintaining rigid erection [31]. The role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), smooth muscle contraction, Rho/RhoA-kinase, potassium channels, and vasoconstriction are discussed in detail elsewhere Sections 3 and 8.