China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
“Omics” Technologies in Vaccine Research
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Another strategy to discover potential antigens and virulence factors is comparison of the genomes of pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains of the same species via comparative genome analysis. Thus, the genes responsible for pathogenesis can be identified (Serruto et al. 2009). The biological trends can be identified and characterized via comparison of large-scale genomes to understand a particular phenomenon or to highlight an interesting exception. The comparative genomics can be used to discover the patterns common among bacteria and the increasing number of published genomes strengthens it. These patterns cover the distribution of structural properties, relative amounts of specific genes, and the differential expression of the encoded proteins under varying conditions (Barocchi, Censini, and Rappuoli 2007).
The Future of Endotoxin Research
Published in Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison, Endotoxin in Health and Disease, 2020
Helmut Brade, Steven M. Opal, Stefanie N. Vogel, David C. Morrison
Comparative genomics will provide new insights into the molecular pathogenesis of disease and provide new targets for therapeutic intervention. The availability of the molecular “blueprints” for each invasive microbial organism will give forthcoming investigators an enormous advantage over bacterial pathogens. The mechanisms by which pathogens evade host defenses and cause disease can now be characterized in precise molecular detail. Promising new vaccine targets, novel chemotherapeutic agents, and improved methods to avoid microbial injury should lead to substantial advances for the health of humankind in the near future. There is, therefore, considerable reason for optimism if scientists and policymakers proceed wisely in an organized, ethical, and logical manner.
Disease Prediction and Drug Development
Published in Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam, Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam
Comparative genomics is based upon comparing the genomes of a pathogenic strain with a nonpathogenic strain within the similar class of bacteria and deriving the set of genes and gene-groups that vary in the pathogenic and the nonpathogenic strains. The assumption is that: 1) newly inserted genes are caused by the horizontal transfer of genes (using plasmids) from some other genome for the survival of the strain in a different environment and 2) genes mutate significantly changing their functionality. The set of altered (or inserted) genes or gene-groups help pathogens to survive but cause them to a malfunction resulting into a disease.
Strengths and caveats of identifying resistance genes from whole genome sequencing data
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2022
Brian M. Forde, David M. P. De Oliveira, Caitlin Falconer, Bianca Graves, Patrick N. A. Harris
Presently, short- and long-read platforms can be applied to assemble genomes from either single microbe isolates, or complex ‘metagenomic’ data sets. Metagenomics encompasses the sequencing of compete microorganism communities, opposed to sequencing individual microbes. Although short-read platforms are typically used for metagenomics, long-read platforms allow for the reconstruction of much more complete metagenome assemblies [46]. A key advantage to the WGS characterization of single microbial isolate is the ability to link plasmid-associated resistance determinants to a select pathogen. Conversely, metagenomics enables comparative genomic analysis between species within a heterogeneous microbial population [47]. These data can provide an understanding on how microbes have evolved and adapted to specific environments, while pinpointing potential reservoirs of resistance which contribute to disease emergence.
Genetic variations as molecular diagnostic factors for idiopathic male infertility: current knowledge and future perspectives
Published in Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 2021
Mohammad Karimian, Leila Parvaresh, Mohaddeseh Behjati
Microarray technology that evaluates males regarding copy number variation, gene expression level, and SNPs, is a promising approach for identification of very sensitive and specific biomarkers. Comparative genomic hybridization is a method that is applied for assessment of relative DAN ratios between samples and could be applied for whole-genome evaluation using microarray-based method or array comparative genomic hybridization. In the case of factors related to male infertility, array comparative genomic hybridization has identified Y-chromosomal microdeletion and other copy number variations outside of the identified AZF regions [189]. The additional candidate genes related to infertility are identified using array comparative genomic hybridization, although their roles are not yet clarified [190]. SNP analysis-based microarray has also recognized numerous candidate genes and potential biomarkers related to male infertility. This technique could also be a suitable alternative for reassessment of represented polymorphisms in this article with male infertility on wider scales.
Tracing protein and proteome history with chronologies and networks: folding recapitulates evolution
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Gustavo Caetano-Anollés, M. Fayez Aziz, Fizza Mughal, Derek Caetano-Anollés
The comparative genomic analysis of structural domains in proteomes that began with Gerstein [100] informs about the lexicon, syntax and semantics of proteome vocabularies [101]. For example, Table 2 shows a decade-spanning series of analyses of SCOP FSF and FF distributions in the proteomes of superkingdoms and viruses [102–105]. The existence of ‘cores’ common to cellular life and viruses (Venn groups ABEV) and cellular life (ABE) (making up 20–26% of all domains) support both a last universal common ancestor (LUCA) and a last universal cellular ancestor (LUCellA) of life. A ‘periphery’ of domains specific or shared by groups suggest their late diversification, including vocabulary compression typical of microbial life [101]. Significant distribution biases, such as the supernumerary BE and BEV Venn groups, support a tripartite cellular world and an early origin of Archaea [106]. Groups that include viruses, while underrepresented, support wide structural exchange and very early viral origins [104,105]. Similar comparative genomic patterns can be extracted from Pfam domain data [107]. However, universal Pfam cores barely exceed 10%, showcasing the limitations of lower protein organization levels. Percent domain composition of each Venn group was quite constant despite significant increases in proteome and viral sampling (Table 2), suggesting comparative genomic patterns are robust. However, processes of reticulate evolution such as horizontal gene transfer complicate interpretations, prompting phylogenomic analyses.