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A Brief History of Genetic Therapy: Gene Therapy, Antisense Technology, and Genomics
Published in Eric Wickstrom, Clinical Trials of Genetic Therapy with Antisense DNA and DNA Vectors, 2020
The Cline experiment did, however, contribute indirectly to the development of the field of gene therapy. This event sparked a debate which led to the first critical discussions of the scientific and public-policy aspects of gene therapy. As a result of these debates, a gene therapy subcommittee was added to the newly established Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). From the late 1980s, the RAC has played an instrumental role in nurturing the clinical science and promulgating the public policy associated with almost all gene therapy protocols.
Why is There Still Racism If There is No Such Thing as “Race”?
Published in Walter J. Lonner, Dale L. Dinnel, Deborah K. Forgays, Susanna A. Hayes, Merging Past, Present, and Future in Cross-Cultural Psychology, 2020
The gradual variation of a human physical trait across geographical space is a cline. Skin color is clinal, not categorical. For example, the skin color of “Native Americans” or Amerindians is lighter nearer the poles and darker closer to the equator. In Europe, from Scandinavia down through southern Europe and on to North and Central Africa, skin color gets darker gradually, with no sharp breaks.
Plant DNA: Contents and Systematics
Published in S. K. Dutta, DNA Systematics, 2019
That the geographical ranges are determined by the amount of nuclear DNA content has also been comprehensively demonstrated in the case of crop plants. A DNA amount-latitude cline has been shown for cereal grain crops, cultivated pasture grasses, and pulses.20 Furthermore, a clear correlation exists between the latitude of supposed sites of domestication, thereby implying the natural distribution of wild progenitors and DNA amount. This shows that the cline is a natural phenomenon and crop species with increasingly low DNA amounts were selected at successively lower latitudes. This cline has evidently been modified and exaggerated in agriculture later on.
An evaluation of inter and intra population structure of Uttar Pradesh, inferred from 24 autosomal STRs
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2022
Ikramul Haque, Shivani Dixit, Akash Kumar, Akshay Kumar, Sunita Verma, Devinder Kumar, Ankit Srivastava, R. K. Kumawat, Divya Shrivastava, Gyaneshwer Chaubey, Pankaj Shrivastava
East and south-east Asian populations, Pakistani populations, and Indian populations (Sultana et al. 2015) were evaluated for the structure analysis using a Bayesian-based method to estimate the delta K for the number of cluster K = 2 to K = 10. Cluster 5 (K = 5) was found to be most informative (Figure 6) for showing the ancestry component distribution among the compared populations (Figure 7). The light green coloured ancestry component was observed as most dominant in the South Indian population, whereas the dark green and light green coloured ancestry components jointly showed the ancestry components of the ancestral North Indian populations. The light blue coloured ancestry component was most dominant in the East Asian populations. The orange coloured ancestry component showed an ancestry gradient towards East to West geography. The overall structure revealed an ancestry cline in the East to West direction..
Inferring the population structure and admixture history of three Hmong-Mien-speaking Miao tribes from southwest China based on genome-wide SNP genotyping
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Ting Luo, Rui Wang, Chuan-Chao Wang
Population structure in East Asia was mainly ascribed to language categories and geographical distribution as shown in the previously observed general population substructure in East Asians (Huang et al. 2020; Wang, Yeh, et al. 2021). Results of PCA and ADMIXTURE analysis (Figure 2) indicated the population substructure within Hmong-Mien-related populations: newly-genotyped Guizhou Miao and published Miao from southern China and Vietnam formed a genetic cline, starting from Vietnam Hmong and ending with Hunan Miao. Our studied Guizhou Miao lay in the relatively middle position of the Hmong-Mien-related cline but closer to Vietnam Hmong. Hunan Miao deviated to the North-South Sinitic-related cline. The relative position on the genetic cline of each Miao group was consistent with the corresponding geographical locations in general.
Genetic substructure and admixture of Mongolians and Kazakhs inferred from genome-wide array genotyping
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2020
Jing Zhao, Jin Sun, Ziyang Xia, Guanglin He, Xiaomin Yang, Jianxin Guo, Hui-Zhen Cheng, Yingxiang Li, Song Lin, Tie-Lin Yang, Xi Hu, Hua Du, Peng Cheng, Rong Hu, Gang Chen, Haibing Yuan, Xiu-Fang Zhang, Lan-Hai Wei, Hu-Qin Zhang, Chuan-Chao Wang
We showed that there are genetic substructures within Mongolians corresponding to Ölöd, Chahar, and Inner Mongolian clusters, which is consistent with their tribe classifications. The substructure is shaped by the relatedness of Mongolians to West Eurasians. Mongolians and Kazakhs are on a genetic cline in terms of different proportions of West Eurasian related admixture from 6% to 40%. The genetic source for the West Eurasian ancestry was most likely Bronze Age Steppe population-related. We note that the small number of sampled individuals from different tribes is a limitation of the study. However, our findings are consistent with archaeological and ancient genomic evidence that the Bronze Age Steppe populations shaped the culture and genetic makeup of northern Eurasia through rapid expansion (Allentoft et al. 2015; Narasimhan et al. 2018). Moreover, the dominant paternal lineages detected in different tribes were consistent with the previous studies and geographical distribution. Therefore, the observed genetic substructure in Mongolians in our study was plausibly a real signal, suggesting the formation of different Mongolian tribes probably involved genetic assimilation of surrounding populations. A priority for future work is to obtain a larger number of samples from diverse tribes to comprehensively reveal the genetic diversity and population history of Mongolians.