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Cytoskeletons (F-actin) and spermatogenesis
Published in C. Yan Cheng, Spermatogenesis, 2018
Liza O’Donnell, Peter G. Stanton
The forces generated by actin filaments and networks, as well as those generated during myosin-mediated movements, create a mechanically-sensitive dynamic state, reviewed in De La Cruz and Gardel 2015.10 This mechanically sensitive state allows the cell to respond to external stimuli, for example to shear stress, but also to respond to internal cues such as forces generated within the cytoskeleton itself. Depending on the type of filament cross-linking and the abundance of myosin motors, the actin network can be arranged into various higher-order structures with different physical properties. For example, cell motility is achieved by the polymerization of branched actin filaments in lamellipodia effectively pushing the leading edge of a migrating cell forward. Actin networks can be contractile; actomyosin (actin + myosin complex)-mediated contractility is involved in many cellular functions such as exo- and endocytosis and cell shape changes. Actin networks can also be organized into ring structures; constricting actomyosin rings create the cleavage furrow between dividing cells and facilitate cytokinesis, and stabilizing actin rings are components of cell adhesion junctions.11
ANLN, Regulated by SP2, Promotes Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Proliferation via PI3K/AKT and MAPK Signaling Pathway
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2022
Yanwei Liu, Pengwei Cao, Feng Cao, Song Wang, Yan He, Yanyan Xu, Yong Wang
Located on chromosome 7q14.2, anillin is a universally expressed gene that encodes Anillin (ANLN), an actin-binding protein that contains regions for F-actin and myosin binding and a conserved C-terminal PH domain [3]. ANLN mainly functions in the nucleus during interphase and then transports to the cytoplasm after the initiation of mitosis [4]. In the cytoplasm, ANLN is gathered in the cleavage furrow and contractile ring in telophase, and the process is mediated in a RhoA-dependent manner [5]. Research has shown that dysregulated ANLN is related to the onset of various carcinomas, such as breast, ovarian, and lung cancers [6–8]. ANLN knockdown in human lung cancer cells impaired tumor growth in a mouse model [8]. ANLN silencing inhibited both cell migration and colony formation activities of breast cancer cells [6]. Although one report has been published about ANLN in CRC, the authors mainly focused on the role of ANLN as either a biomarker or a prognosis indicator for patients with CRC [9]. The function and mechanism of ANLN in CRC progression thus remain unknown.
Ultra-long silver nanowires induced mitotic abnormalities and cytokinetic failure in A549 cells
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2019
Fengbang Wang, Ying Chen, Yuanyuan Wang, Yongguang Yin, Guangbo Qu, Maoyong Song, Hailin Wang
Cytokinetic failure and multipolar mitosis are mechanisms that lead to aneuploidy, which is a hallmark of cultured cells from many types of cancer (Ganem et al. 2007; Negrini, Gorgoulis, and Halazonetis 2010; Lv et al. 2012; Santaguida and Amon 2015). Indeed, the formation of multinucleated cells is also a key characteristic of senescence (Sliwinska et al. 2009; Vergel et al. 2010; Dikovskaya et al. 2015). Multinucleated senescent melanocytes may harbor genome instability, a risk factor of malignancy, and these cells have been proposed to give rise to highly proliferative, tumor-initiating stem-like cells (Fox and Duronio 2013). Aneuploidy was also recently observed in both tumors induced by asbestos fibers in vivo and in vitro (Craighead et al. 1987; MacCorkle et al. 2006; Cortez and Machado-Santelli 2008). It has been validated that asbestos fibers can be trapped by the cleavage furrow and lead to aneuploidy through cytokinetic regression and multipolar division(Jensen et al. 1996; Cortez et al. 2016; Zhang, Lv et al. 2017). In this study, ultra-long AgNWs induced cytokinesis failure and multipolar mitosis, even after the formation of long cytoplasmic bridges, and resulted in the retraction of the bridge and reversal of the cleavage furrow to form aneuploidy. These results highlight the carcinogenic risks of ultra-long AgNWs as asbestos fibers. Furthermore, other ultra-long nanofibers should also be carefully investigated before widely produced and used. The induction of mitotic abnormalities and cytokinetic failure provides an important indicator of carcinogenic risk for further safety studies related with nanofibers. Also, due to the constructional complexity, further toxicity studies of AgNWs and other nanofibers should concern more aspects, such as length, diameter, shape, density, curvature, dose, and coating.
PLK4: a link between centriole biogenesis and cancer
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2018
Radhika Radha Maniswami, Seema Prashanth, Archana Venkataramana Karanth, Sindhu Koushik, Hemalatha Govindaraj, Ramesh Mullangi, Sriram Rajagopal, Sooriya Kumar Jegatheesan
PLK4 exhibits differential localization in accordance to various stages of cell cycle. The sequences upstream of the C-terminal polo box direct the correct localization of PLK4 [61]. Experiment conducted in mouse fibroblasts revealed the localization of PLK4 to the nucleolus and centrosome during the G2 and early M phase, respectively. PLK4 localization is scattered throughout the cell during anaphase, while is constrained to the midbody cleavage furrow during telophase. Furthermore, perinuclear localization was observed during interphase [42].