China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Antiviral Nanomaterials as Potential Targets for Malaria Prevention and Treatment
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Kantrol Kumar Sahu, Sunita Minz, Madhulika Pradhan, Monika Kaurav, Krishna Yadav
Pinocytosis is classified as caveolae-mediated endocytosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis clathrin- and caveolae-independent endocytosis, and micropinocytosis (Sun et al. 2019) (Table 18.2). Caveolar-mediated endocytosis is a clathrin-independent endocytotic mechanism involving bulb-shaped caveolae. Caveolae are 50-60 nm plasma membrane invaginations. Caveolae are formed by caveolins, which are integral membrane proteins, and cavins are peripheral membrane proteins. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis possesses complex protein machinery that transiently assembles on the plasma membrane and creates clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles. This machinery selects and concentrates cargo molecules and shapes the membrane into a vesicle.
Homeostasis of Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
It has been estimated that at any given time no more than 10–30 vesicles are attached to the active zone of a synapse, while hundreds of vesicles are free in the cytosol [70]. Soon after releasing their content, empty synaptic vesicles become coated by clathrin in preparation for endocytosis. Clathrin is a scaffold protein composed of three heavy and three light chains. It polymerizes around the cytoplasmic face of the invaginated membrane and acts as a reinforced mold around the vesicle. Once separated from the active zone, the empty vesicles shed their clathrin coat, become acidified, and can either become incorporated into an endosome, or skip the endosome and become immediately available for reloading with the neurotransmitter.
Macromolecular Absorption From The Digestive Tract In Young Vertebrates
Published in Károly Baintner, Intestinal Absorption of Macromolecules and Immune Transmission from Mother to Young, 2019
During the process of vesiculation the intermicrovillus brush-border membrane becomes elongated, possibly by the incorporation of new membrane components. Concomitantly, cytoplasmic proteins (clathrin) attach to the elongated membrane segment. These “coated pits” become deepened and after being constricted, they form coated vesicles (Figure 5).
Protein transduction domain of translationally controlled tumor protein: characterization and application in drug delivery
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Endocytosis is largely classified as a two part process that includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Pinocytosis, the uptake of fluid and solute by the cell, occurs in all types of cells through four pathways including (i) clathrin-mediated, (ii) caveolae-mediated, (iii) clathrin, caveolae-independent pathway, and (iv) macropinocytosis (Conner & Schmid, 2003). Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is a clathrin/dynamin-dependent, receptor-mediated process and this pathway is reported to operate in the cases of TAT-PTD, oligoarginine, and anionic PTDs (Ruseska & Zimmer, 2020). Binding of ligand to a specific receptor on the cell membrane induces the assembly of clathrins in a polyhedral lattice, followed by the invagination of clathrin-coated membrane surface (Ruseska & Zimmer, 2020). Caveolae-mediated endocytosis (CvME) is mediated by the formation of caveolae, a highly hydrophobic membrane domain rich in sphingolipid and cholesterol (Ruseska & Zimmer, 2020) and is reported to occur with TAT fusion protein, transportan and proline-rich PTDs. Actin cytoskeleton and cholesterol are the essential elements for caveolae formation and dynamin, a multidomain GTPase, constricts the neck of caveolae for enabling its release (Ruseska & Zimmer, 2020).
Edible plant-derived nanotherapeutics and nanocarriers: recent progress and future directions
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2022
Nanxi Chen, Jianfeng Sun, Zhenhua Zhu, Adam P. Cribbs, Bo Xiao
An abundant supply of various proteins in PDENs is conducive to cellular activities. Existing studies on cellular vesicles from four different citrus fruits show that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase 6 (FBA6), heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP80), patellin (PTL), and clathrin in their respective vesicles are highly expressed and play important roles in a multitude of basic physiological processes [42]. For instance, G3PD and FBA6 are involved in the glycolysis and glycogen production. HSPs are responsible for folding and transporting proteins. Clathrin-3 can promote the proliferation and division of cells. The existence of clathrin vesicle-, coat protein complex (COP) I-, and COPII-coated proteins indicates the presence of heterogeneous populations that transport vesicles within cells. In addition, a large number of enzymes such as hydroenzyme and oxide enzymes are extensively detected in citrus fruit-derived vesicles.
Lipoplex-based therapeutics for effective oligonucleotide delivery: a compendious review
Published in Journal of Liposome Research, 2020
Pirthi Pal Singh, Veena Vithalapuram, Sunita Metre, Ravinder Kodipyaka
The presence of the clathrin‐coated pits and caveolae on the plasma membrane of mammalian cells acts as the influential factor for the cellular entry of the ON. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis, a key process in vesicular, selects and concentrates cargo molecules and shapes the membrane into a vesicle. A mature pit cleaved from the plasma membrane using dynamin then forms endosome (Kaksonen and Roux 2018). On the other hand, lipid rafts (enriched for cholesterol and signalling proteins) are highly ordered saturated lipids and cholesterol that are laterally mobile in the plane of a more fluid disordered bilayer of largely unsaturated lipids. The straight acyl chains of the saturated polar lipids permit their close packing with cholesterol molecules to form liquid ordered micro-domains with liquid disordered bilayer formed by the bent hydrocarbon chains of unsaturated phospholipids (Brown and London 1998). Caveolae are a subset of lipid rafts that are invaginated, non-planar structures with caveolins as the main integral membrane protein required for their formation. Caveolae-mediated endocytosis involves the concentration of the cargo molecules sorting mechanisms (protein or lipid based). Followed by their transfer between the surface and the internal compartments with the help of caveolin (Martinez-Outschoorn et al.2015).