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Nano Delivery of Antiviral Plant Bioactives as Cancer Therapeutics
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Haripriya Shanmugam, Badma Priya, Manickam Senguttuvan Swetha, Janani Semalaiyappan
Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside extracted from Digitalis purpurea (foxglove), is extensively used to treat several heart conditions. It strongly inhibits the expression of viral mRNA in SARS-CoV-2 chikungunya, MERS-CoV, HIV, and other viruses (Cho et al. 2020). In recent years, various studies showed the anticancer effects of digoxin, as individual administration or a combination with other chemosynthetic drugs. It has also been reported to down-regulate the signalling pathways necessary for tumour proliferation in several breast cancer cases (Wang et al. 2020).
Organic Matter
Published in Michael J. Kennish, Ecology of Estuaries Physical and Chemical Aspects, 2019
Green plants, via photosynthesis, supply most of the organic carbon production of estuaries. Photosynthetic bacteria, although potentially important in polluted and eutrophic systems, account for only a minor portion of the total organic carbon produced. Sulfate-reducing bacteria are obligate anaerobes (growing only in environments devoid of oxygen) frequently encountered at the upper edge of the reduced zone of tidal mudflat sediments and in anaerobic water masses. Chemosynthetic bacteria appear to be intermediate between autotrophs and heterotrophs,64 responsible for what is termed “secondary primary production”. Heterotrophs participate directly in carbon cycling by ingesting organic matter, converting plant organic carbon into animal organic carbon, and respiring or excreting metabolites and ultimately releasing elements subsequent to death and microbial decay.292 Various pathways of carbon transformation exist; however, carbon fixed by autotrophs ultimately enters abiotic carbon pools through respiration (CO2), mortality and defecation (POC), and secretion and degradation (DOC).24
Biology of microbes
Published in Philip A. Geis, Cosmetic Microbiology, 2006
A few ecosystems receive their energy from geothermal means or through chemosynthesis using inorganic energy sources such as sulfides (e.g., oceanic thermal vents). The light energy from the sun (e.g., photosynthesis) and the geothermal energy (sulfide) from Earth (e.g., chemosynthesis) are trapped in the form of chemical energy stored in complex compounds. The organisms involved in this primary production of chemical energy from light, heat, or inorganic compounds (producers) serve as energy sources for chemoheterotrophs (consumers) that use complex organic molecules as sources of material and energy for building their own cellular structures.
Design and synthesis of new spirooxindole candidates and their selenium nanoparticles as potential dual Topo I/II inhibitors, DNA intercalators, and apoptotic inducers
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Samar El-Kalyoubi, Mohamed M. Khalifa, Mahmoud T. Abo-Elfadl, Ahmed A. El-Sayed, Ahmed Elkamhawy, Kyeong Lee, Ahmed A. Al-Karmalawy
Selenium (Se) is a crucial trace element required for different cellular functions through incorporation into selenoproteins40. The significance of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) stems from their interaction with proteins, bioavailability, low toxicity, and biocompatibility related to organic and inorganic selenium. At high doses, SeNPs have been shown to have potent anticancer activity. SeNPs have excellent optoelectronic and semiconducting properties and are used in various applications ranging from photovoltaic cells, semiconductors, rectifiers, and copiers to biology and medicine41. SeNPs have been used in biomedical applications such as drug and targeted gene delivery, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticancer42. Many reports described the synthesis of SeNPs using different methods such as microwave-assisted synthesis, laser ablation, chemosynthetic reduction, electrodeposition, solvothermal, and green synthesis, all as examples of green synthesis. However, acidic pH, harsh chemical conditions, and high temperatures limit their use in biomedical applications43.
Saikosaponin D: review on the antitumour effects, toxicity and pharmacokinetics
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Piao Zhou, Wei Shi, Xiao-Yan He, Quan-Yu Du, Fei Wang, Jing Guo
Although SSD is a natural substance with great antitumour potential, we should use it on the premise of certain understanding of its toxicity to ensure the safety of medication. Currently, the toxicological effects of SSD found in studies include hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, haemolysis and cardiotoxicity, and according to the related research results, these toxic effects are mainly mediated by cytotoxic mechanisms. It is not difficult to see that the mechanisms of the toxic and adverse effects of SSD discovered are basically the same as those of its antitumour activities. As is known to all, the use of anticarcinogen to kill cancer cells will inevitably cause damage to some normal cells. Moreover, natural chemicals derived from plants are thought to be less toxic to normal cells in organisms than chemosynthetic drugs and have greater potential safety as anticarcinogens (Li et al. 2015; Gezici and Şekeroğlu 2019).
Aptamer-conjugated and doxorubicin-loaded grapefruit-derived nanovectors for targeted therapy against HER2+ breast cancer
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Zhuang Tang, Yali Jun, Yanguan Lv, Yunjie Li, Zhen Zhang, Mingyue Tao, Xiaofei Chen, Jingdong He, Li Zhang, Qi-Long Wang
Aptamer-mediated, nanoparticle-based drug delivery has been used extensively to achieve targeted cancer therapy [18–20]. However, the potential biohazards of chemosynthetic materials derived from inorganic and organic nanocarriers on human health and the environment have greatly limited clinical application of such therapies. In this study, an aptamer and GNVs-based GNVs-Dox-HA1 drug delivery system was constructed. GNVs were developed before and were demonstrated to be non-toxic nanocarriers for chemotherapeutic agents [16]. As shown in Figure 2(A,B), the average size of GNVs, GNVs-Dox and GNVs-Dox-HA1 was about 200 nm. Surface zeta potential is one of the most important physical properties exhibited by nanomaterials present in suspension. Particles with high zeta values are considered more electrically stabilised compared to particles with low zeta potential and results from Figure 2(C) indicate that GNVs, GNVs-Dox and GNVs-Dox-HA1 were relatively stable [21]. Other desirable properties of nanovectors include high drug-loading capacity and controlled drug release under physiological conditions. As shown in Figure 2(D), both GNVs-Dox and GNVs-Dox-HA1 had a high loading efficiency of Dox. To study the release of Dox by GNVsNDox and GNVs-Dox-HA1, release experiment was performed in pH 7.4 environment and the result in Figure 2(E) demonstrated that there was no release difference between GNVs-Dox and GNVs-Dox-HA1.