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Genetics and exercise: an introduction
Published in Adam P. Sharples, James P. Morton, Henning Wackerhage, Molecular Exercise Physiology, 2022
Claude Bouchard, Henning Wackerhage
According to the World Health Organization, genetics is the study of heredity. Genetics is concerned with the study of genes, genetic variation and heredity in organisms. We begin this chapter by discussing the field of genetic epidemiology where researchers use twins, nuclear families and other relatives by descent or by adoption to evaluate whether sport- and exercise-related traits such as body height, VO2max, strength, muscle mass or trainability are inherited. Because biological inheritance is encoded in the cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), we then describe the DNA molecule, the central dogma of molecular biology (DNA to RNA to protein) and the human genome. Next, we explain the link between inheritance and the human genome with an emphasis on variation in the DNA sequence. Finally, we discuss practical issues such as genetic testing, gene therapy and gene doping.
Sexually transmitted diseases
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
The use of RNA as genetic material disrupts the functioning of the cells that the viruses infect. We have seen in this book repeated examples of cell differentiation (which results in specific proteins made by specific genes). When genes are expressed, their DNA creates RNA as an intermediary or messenger in the production of proteins (see Figure 4.4). The so-called “central dogma of molecular biology” is that the direction of flow of information is DNA-to-RNA-to-protein. Making RNA from DNA is called transcription, and making protein from RNA is called translation.
Inflammatory Responses Acquired Following Environmental Exposures Are Involved in Pathogenesis of Musculoskeletal Pain
Published in Kohlstadt Ingrid, Cintron Kenneth, Metabolic Therapies in Orthopedics, Second Edition, 2018
Ritchie C. Shoemaker, James C. Ryan
We will look in detail at the lessons learned from transcriptomics [9, 10]. The central dogma of molecular biology states that genes produce transcripts that are translated into protein, at which point the protein can perform the task required by the cell. The genome is the ultimately the director of all cellular activity What’s important to understand is in addition to the presence of any given gene in the genome is the differential expression of that same gene. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), may tell us about protein function but nothing about actual ge ne expression. If an SNP causes a 5% decrease in protein function, but that protein is expressed at an amount 5% greater than normal, the system likely suffers no effect. But of greater importance than expression of a single gene is differential gene expression of entire molecular pathways, as well as transcription factors, receptors, clusters of differentiation (CDs), pseudogenes, microRNA and long noncoding RNA, among others.
Competing endogenous RNA networks in cervical cancer: function, mechanism and perspective
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2019
As we know, the central dogma of molecular biology is transcribed into messenger RNAs (mRNAs), which in turn serves as the template for protein synthesis. The conventional view that most transcribed RNAs are information carriers rather than functional molecules has been challenged with the discovery of regulatory RNAs that do not code for proteins [2]. However, large-scale transcriptome profiling of human cells revealed that many of the human genome transcripts are not translated into protein but function as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) [3]. The ncRNAs was considered as dark matter and did not draw the attention until recent years. Collective data illuminated ncRNAs did not have protein-coding ability owing to the absence of open reading frames and they have several categories, including small ncRNAs, pseudogenes and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) [4]. The small ncRNAs included transfer RNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs) and so on [5]. These RNA transcripts, acting as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), communicate with and co-regulate each other by competing for binding to shared miRNAs to perform the post-transcriptional regulation [6]. Understanding this novel RNA crosstalk will lead to significant insight into gene regulatory networks and have implications in human development and disease. Here, we reviewed the function and role of ceRNA in cervical cancer progression.
Sarcoidosis: proteomics and new perspectives for improving personalized medicine
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2018
Claudia Landi, Alfonso Carleo, Giuseppe Cillis, Paola Rottoli
Probably, initial omics analyses produced several false-positive or false-negative results that bioinformatics applications could reduce by applying data merging. According to the central dogma of molecular biology, genetic information written in DNA flows from DNA to RNA and to protein, but the observed phenotype is mainly dictated by the DNA protein coding region-derived proteotype. Proteomics may bridge the gap between genotype and phenotype. The novel field of proteogenomics, originating from the integration between genomics and proteomics, has much to offer to precision medicine and personalized patient management. By using genomic and transcriptomic sequence information, the proteogenomics builds customized protein sequence databases, containing predicted novel protein sequences and sequence variants, not included in previous reference protein sequence databases. Starting from proteogenomics, it is now possible to interface proteomics and genomics, which provide protein-level validation of gene expression and gene model refinement [60]. In conclusion, the enormous amount of omic data, applied to the study of sarcoidosis, needs to be dynamically recovered and organized. The integration of these data will allow to fill the gap between genotype and phenotype, avoiding false-positive and false-negative results. Bioinformatics applications will help to move forward in the understanding of pathological molecular pathways, new drugs discovery, and/or repurposing, which are milestones for the application of personalized medicine to sarcoidosis patients.
Developments in lncRNA drug discovery: where are we heading?
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2018
Ilya Blokhin, Olga Khorkova, Jane Hsiao, Claes Wahlestedt
The central dogma of molecular biology, stating that the only role of the RNA transcripts is to convey information from gene to protein, was proposed by Crick [1] just a few years after he and Watson discovered the DNA structure. For a long time the only accepted types of RNA with no coding potential were ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transport RNA (tRNA) that are components of translational machinery. Throughout this period, noncoding sequences that constitute more than 98% of the mammalian genome were considered nonfunctional ‘junk DNA’. It was therefore unexpected to discover that transcriptomes of most species encode multiple non-coding transcripts critical for fundamental cellular processes. Only a few scientists had an exceptional insight to predict that genome may encode multiple noncoding features with functions yet to be imagined [2,3]. In 1970s, small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs) were found to be indispensable for removal of introns from mRNA. snRNAs are abundant nonpolyadenylated transcripts, about 150 nucleotides in length, that build the core of major and minor spliceosomes. At approximately the same time, small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs), another class of noncoding RNAs, approximately 60–200 nucleotides in length, was discovered. snoRNAs include two families, C/D and H/ACA, that function in concert to posttranscriptionally edit (methylate, pseudouridylate, etc.) ribosomal RNA. In addition, snoRNAs can interact with and modify snRNAs [4], tRNAs [5], and protein-coding RNA [6].