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Cytokine Effects on Extracellular Matrix
Published in Jason Kelley, Cytokines of the Lung, 2022
Ganesh Raghu, Michael Kinsella
Definitive evidence for the physiological and pathological actions of a cytokine requires studies in intact organisms and tissues. Continued investigations of local expression of specific cytokine(s), effect of cytokine(s), and cytokine-cytokine interactions in the context of homotypic and heterotypic cellular interactions, and colocalization of ECM components with specific cytokine(s) in morphogenesis and disease models of lung injury and repair are needed. Studies to associate natural or induced states of cytokine excess with therapeutic or pathological effects, and their correction by depletion will undoubtedly offer important insights. Investigations to block specific cytokine action on abnormal ECM deposition may lead to future therapies. In vitro and in vivo studies to determine cytokine effects have their own merits and disadvantages. The importance of cell–cell communication has been stressed during the past several years as a key to understanding biological functions of cells and their extracellular milieu in the complex context of cytokine effects. Studies in long-term lung organ cultures may offer a compromised model between in vitro and in vivo conditions to study the effects of a specific cytokine on ECM in pulmonary tissue.
Functional Neurology
Published in James Crossley, Functional Exercise and Rehabilitation, 2021
The basic building block of the nervous system is the neuron (see Figure 3.1). Neurons are specialized cells designed to transmit electrochemical impulses along thin fibers known as axons. The electrical signals that pass through neurons form the basis of cell-to-cell communication.
Quorum Sensing and Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Isabel Charlotte Soede, Gerhard Buchbauer
Bacteria have the ability to communicate with each other by producing signal molecules, which they release into their environment. The fundamentals of cell-to-cell communication can be subdivided in three stages: detection, signal transduction, and response. Signal molecules are being detected when binding to extracellular receptors or intracellular receptor proteins. Ligand-binding leads to a change of confirmation on the receptor, which then causes an intracellular signaling cascade. This cascade then leads to a specific reaction—for example, the activation of genes (Campbell and Reece, 2009).
Heterogeneity of T cells and macrophages in chlorine-induced acute lung injury in mice using single-cell RNA sequencing
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Chen-qian Zhao, Jiang-zheng Liu, Meng-meng Liu, Xiao-ting Ren, De-qin Kong, Jie Peng, Meng Cao, Rui Liu, Chun-xu Hai, Xiao-di Zhang
We used the CellPhoneDB (v2.0) to identify biologically relevant ligand-receptor interactions from scRNAseq data. We defined a ligand or a receptor as ‘expressed’ in a particular cell type if 10% of the cells of that type had non-zero read counts for the ligand/receptor encoding gene. Statistical significance was then assessed by randomly shuffling the cluster labels of all cells and repeating the above steps, which generated a null distribution for each LR pair in each pairwise comparison between two cell types. After running 1,000 permutations, P-values were calculated with the normal distribution curve generated from the permuted LR pair interaction scores. To define networks of cell-cell communication, we linked any two cell types where the ligand was expressed in the former cell type and the receptor in the latter. R packages Igraph and Circlize were used to display the cell-cell communication networks.
An updated review on exosomes: biosynthesis to clinical applications
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2021
Sheela Modani, Devendrasingh Tomar, Suma Tangirala, Anitha Sriram, Neelesh Kumar Mehra, Rahul Kumar, Dharmendra Kumar Khatri, Pankaj Kumar Singh
Cell to cell communication is a fundamental process for cell development and maintenance of homeostasis in multi-cellular organisms [1]. One of the most intriguing forms of intercellular communications is that vesicles produced from cell membrane and released into the extracellular compartment; these extracellular vesicles are known as exosomes [2]. In last few decades, research on exosomes has increased significantly due to their unique and specific functions such as intercellular communication, capacity to change biological activities recipient cell, diagnosis, treatment of disease by targeted drug delivery [3]. Exosomes are small, single membrane extracellular vesicles with a size of 30–150 nm (average 100 nm) that are secreted from most human cell types [4,5]. Hence, they are classified as secreted nanoparticles and have the same topology as the cells and are composed of selected proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and glycoconjugates [5,6].
The effects of umbilical cord-derived macrophage exosomes loaded with cisplatin on the growth and drug resistance of ovarian cancer cells
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Xiaohui Zhang, Li Liu, Meiling Tang, Hong Li, Xiaoqing Guo, Xiaoqian Yang
In this study, the mild sonication of exosomes in the presence of CIS provided a greater loading capacity. Incorporation of CIS into M1 exosomes increased lethality 1.4-fold in A2780 cells and 2-fold in A2780/DDP. Further, incorporation of CIS into M2 exosomes increased lethality 1.4-fold in A2780 cells and 1.7-fold in A2780/DDP. Because M2 exosomes did not show advantages for cisplatin loading compared with M1 exosomes and M2 exosomes have the potential to promote the proliferation and drug resistance of tumors, the following experiments focused on detecting the killing effect of M1 exosomes loaded with cisplatin. The results show that M1 exosomes can reduce cisplatin IC50 of A2780 and A2780/DDP and M1exoCIS loaded with low concentration CIS in A2780 and A2780/DDP cells in vitro have higher lethality than cisplatin alone. These results indicate that exosome-encapsulated cisplatin is more cytotoxic at low concentrations. This can also reduce the toxicity to the body. This effect may be attributed to the difference in the route of internalization of exoCIS and its immunologic function compared to those of CIS. We speculated that macrophage-released exosomes are likely to have specific proteins on their surface, which might allow for their preferential accumulation in cancer cells and can not be pumped out by transporters on the membrane directly. Furthermore, it is known that exosome-mediated cell-to-cell communication is key in the battle between cancer and the immune system.