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Expression of Major Histocompatibility Antigens on Fetal and Placental Cells
Published in Gérard Chaouat, The Immunology of the Fetus, 2020
Separate analysis of the expression of particular H-2 Class-I genes was made possible recently when specific probes became available. Interest in the developmental transcription of the transplantation antigens is evident, since they are thought to play a central role in immune cell-cell recognition and therefore in the apprenticeship to self-nonself discrimination. For several other genes which display original features, we have examined if the embryo retained part or all of these features or had a completely modified expression of these genes. In addition, we thought that cumulative data on the developmental regulation of these genes might suggest some hypothesis relative to their function.
Immunolocalization of Connective Matrix Components: Methodological Approach, Limits, and Significance in the Liver
Published in Marcos Rojkind, Connective Tissue in Health and Disease, 2017
Jean-Alexis Grimaud, Simone Peyrol
In pathological conditions, such patterns are found in the neoformed fibrotic deposit. In some areas (perivascular and peribiliary), a loose connective matrix organization (LCMO, Figure 10) is abundant. A mixed association of fibrillar and basement membrane-like material with lamellar cytoplasmic cell processes characterizes LCMO (Figure ll).13 The loose pattern observed in areas of active cellular transit and vascular exchange suggests permeability properties leading to a facilitated process of cell-cell recognition and activation.
Cell Structure and Functions
Published in Malgorzata Lekka, Cellular Analysis by Atomic Force Microscopy, 2017
Immunoglobulins function as cell adhesion and signaling receptors that transduce extracellular signals from neighboring cells or the extracellular matrix to the intracellular signaling machinery. Most of the members of this superfamily participate in the cell–cell recognition, immunological processes, and also in cancer metastasis.
PA-MSHA Regulates PD-L1 Expression in Hepatoma Cells
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2023
Hangzhi Wei, Yudong Mao, Huihan Zhang, Fahong Wu, Youcheng Zhang
PA-MSHA has properties that mirror those of lectins, proteins that exclusively bind with mannosyl. These proteins promote basic processes, such as cell-cell recognition, cell adhesion/mobility, and pathogen-host interactions. In the neoplasm, lectins bind to glycans and promote cell migration, cellular adherence, and even receptor activation, thus promoting invasive phenotypes (Häuselmann and Borsig 2014). N-glycosylation affects the conformation, flexibility, charge, and hydrophilicity of glycoproteins (Takahashi et al. 2009). N-glycan binds with lectin to alter cell phenotypes. This affects invasiveness and promotes the ability to circulate and the capacity to metastasize (Häuselmann and Borsig 2014). The lectins of endothelial cells, immune cells, and blood components in the tumor microenvironment (TME) bind with glycans of carcinoma to perform some functions, thereby regulating the TME (Häuselmann and Borsig 2014).
Surface-modified polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery to cancer cells
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Arsalan Ahmed, Shumaila Sarwar, Yong Hu, Muhammad Usman Munir, Muhammad Farrukh Nisar, Fakhera Ikram, Anila Asif, Saeed Ur Rahman, Aqif Anwar Chaudhry, Ihtasham Ur Rehman
Biomimetic nanoparticles are usually made up of core-shell structure, where the surface is modified with phospholipids. The core of such nanoparticles provides mechanical stability, while the phospholipid layer on the surface makes these nanoparticles biocompatible. These nanoparticles can be formulated by physical adsorption of phospholipids on the polymeric core by two ways; electrostatic adsorption of lipidic bilayer on the oppositely charged polymeric core [67], or hydrophobically controlled adsorption of hydrophobic lipid tails onto the hydrophobic surfaces of nanoparticles while hydrophilic heads of lipids are extended outside in the aqueous environment [68]. Surface modification of nanoparticles with phosphorylcholine, the main component of the hydrophobic head of phospholipids, has been done by many researchers [69]. Phosphorylcholine- coated nanoparticles possess enhanced dispersion and stability in an aqueous environment, owing to less adsorption of biomolecules on their surfaces. Proteins embedded in the cell membrane also contain several functionalities, i.e., cellular trafficking, cell-cell recognition, and intercellular attachment of neighboring cells. Inspired by membrane proteins and peptides, several nanoparticles have been coated with specific peptides and antigens to precisely recognize corresponding receptors [34].
Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Fibroblasts: Promise and Challenge
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Peggi M. Angel, Denys Rujchanarong, Sarah Pippin, Laura Spruill, Richard Drake
Fibroblasts are specialized cells that work to maintain homeostasis of the connective tissue that surrounds all cells and forms the unique structure of each organ [1–5]. A primary function of the fibroblast is to synthesize, excrete and regulate the localized extracellular matrix (ECM), a network of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and proteases that serves as a scaffold for all other cell types within the tissue [6,7]. In healthy tissue, fibroblasts exist in a quiescent or in an activated, contractile state throughout the tissue structure. Periodic activation increases outputs of localized ECM to regulate health and disease through inflammation & the immune response, wound healing, and differentiation [8–10]. Activated fibroblasts work to recruit inflammatory and immune cells to site specific locations through selective ECM degradation and output influencing cell migration, cell adhesion, cell-ECM and cell-cell recognition. Significantly, fibroblast post-translational modification of the ECM forms the basis for tissue organization and homeostasis [11–14]. Collagens are the primary proteins of the ECMs and have a multitude of site specific PTMs that regulate and activate cell signaling [11,15,16]. Major collagen PTMs include hydroxylation of proline and lysine, and glycosylation; these PTMs control basic collagen organization, stabilizes the scaffold structure and work on control of cells moving through the ECM [16–20]. Primary cell-ECM recognition occurs through site specific recognition of PTMs by tyrosine kinase discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) and integrins [21–26]. Induction of cell signaling through DDR and integrin PTM modulated sites alters pathways such as Src, ERK1/2, Notch, MAPK, contributing to differentiation potential [21,26–30]. Fibroblast expression programs are linked to their anatomic location to regulate organ growth and differentiation throughout a lifetime [1,2,31]. Fetal fibroblast gene programs differ greatly from adult fibroblast programs and are characterized by different localized needs of an organ at a particular time during growth & development [3,6,7,32]. Healthy fibroblast programming thus maintains tissue homeostasis through development, growth and healing by time-and location-dependent signaling through self-regulated ECM.