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CRISPER Gene Therapy Recent Trends and Clinical Applications
Published in Yashwant Pathak, Gene Delivery, 2022
Prachi Pandey, Jayvadan Patel, Samarth Kumar
Type II organization of Cas 9 represents the subsequent vital elements: genes, i.e., cas1, cas2, and cas9, CRISPR array, along with a tracrRNA that shows correspondence to the sequence of the CRISPR repeat. All the Cas signature proteins are associated during the acquisition of spacers, while in the interference stage, only the Cas9 plays a key role. Class 2 type II organization codes for endonucleases like Cas9 signature protein, as well as a non-coding RNA called tracrRNA, in addition to crRNA. Base pairing of crRNA and tracrRNA results in the formation of a crRNA: tracrRNA hybrid, after which RNase III slices the hybrid, thereby forming a developed dual-RNA hybrid. Afterward, recruitment of Cas9 proteins takes place.
A genomic sequence of the type II-A clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system in Mycoplasma salivarium strain ATCC 29803
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2022
Harumi Mizuki, Yu Shimoyama, Taichi Ishikawa, Minoru Sasaki
The CRISPR/Cas systems have been reported in 46% of the bacterial species and 82% of the archaea studied [3]. The oral microbiome contains approximately 700 prokaryote species harboring known CRISPR/Cas systems and unidentified CRISPR/Cas systems [4]. Although this system has been classified into six types (type I–VI) based on the signature protein families and features of the cas gene loci architecture [5], oral bacterial CRISPR/Cas systems fall mainly under types I and II [6]. Type I systems contain the signature gene cas3 (or variants of the cas3 gene), while type-II systems are characterized by the presence of cas9, cas1, and cas2 genes [7]. The type-II CRISPR/Cas system has been further classified into three subtypes: A, B, and C. Type II-A systems comprise of the cas1, cas2, and cas9 genes, as well as the csn2 gene, which is a signature gene of this subtype [7]. In contrast, type II-B comprises of the cas4 gene in place of csn2 gene, while type II-C has only three cas genes, cas1, cas2, and cas9 [7].