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Monitor Unit Calibration *
Published in Harald Paganetti, Proton Therapy Physics, 2018
Timothy C. Zhu, Haibo Lin, Jiajian Shen
where ROF is the relative output factor that represents the changes in D/MU relative to the reference calibration condition, such as beam energy and modulation, SOBPF is the SOBP factor that represents the change in D/MU with changes in SOBP width relative to the reference SOBP width used to determine the ROF, RSF is the range shifter factor that accounts for the output change due to the presence of range shifters, SOBPOCF is the SOBP off-center factor for depth of measurements is away from the middle of the SOBP, OCR is the off-center ratio in water to account for the location of the measurement point laterally away from the central axis of the field, FSF is the field size factor that gives the change in D/MU when the field size is different from the reference field size used in ROF measurement, usually 10 × 10 cm2, ISF is the inverse square factor, and CPSF is the compensator and patient scatter factor that accounts for the change in D/MU with a compensator relative to the same water-equivalent depth without a compensator. Example data can be found elsewhere [2,12].
Benzoxaborole compounds for therapeutic uses: a patent review (2010- 2018)
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2018
Alessio Nocentini, Claudiu T. Supuran, Jean-Yves Winum
Further inhibition against Plasmodium falciparum can be achieved by introducing a single fluorine atom at the 4, 5, or 6 position of AN3661 (18–20, Figure 13) [77]. Sonoiki et al. recently identified in the parasite whole-genome sequence that mutations in the gene pfcpsf3 occurred in every AN3661-resistant parasite line [78]. This gene encodes for a homologue of subunit 3 of the cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF) complex, which has been well characterized in various eukaryotes. Dockings performed on a model of the PfCPSF3, built based on the crystal structure of T. thermophilus TTHA0252 (PDB code: 3IEM), were consistent with the structure-activity relationships established for the AN3661 series of compounds as antimalarial agents. The oxaborole group is essential for activity, because replacement of a carbon atom for the boron is detrimental for the activity. The carboxylic acid group is important for activity, although it can be switched to other acidic groups such as a tetrazole. The negatively charged tetrahedral oxab orole group acts as a unique ion chelator engaging the two zinc ions at the active site [78]. The bi-metallic chelation of AN3661 in the active site of PfCPSF3 is consistent with what observed for other benzoxaboroles, which have been demonstrated to bind to bi-metal centers.
CPSF1 mediates retinal vascular dysfunction in diabetes mellitus via the MAPK/ERK pathway
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2022
Jingyi Zhang, Xi Zhang, Yuanyuan Zou, Fengmei Han
Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 1 (CPSF1), is the largest subunit of the CPSF complex, has been reported to play an important role in processing the 3′ ends of eukaryotic mRNA precursors, resulting in the addition of the poly (A) tail (Samiotaki et al. 2000). Previous studies have found that CPSF1 may be associated with cancer, including lung cancer (Kiehl et al. 2017), ovarian cancer (Van Etten et al. 2017) and prostate cancer (Zhang et al. 2017), and CPSF1 was found to play an important role in the survival and differentiation of zebrafish haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) (Bolli et al.2011). In addition, recent study found that CPSF1 mutations and loss of function are associated with early-onset high myopia, mainly through the effects of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) axon projection (Ouyang et al.2019). Moreover, The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is activated under the induction of high glucose and plays an important role in the development of DR by regulating inflammation (Lazzara et al. 2019). However, the biological function and molecular regulatory mechanisms for the role of CPSF1 in DR remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were employed as a diabetic model, and high-glucose-induced human retinal vascular endothelial cells (HRVECs) were used as an in vitro experimental model to explore the mechanisms of CPSF1. We found that CPSF1 was downregulated in the retina tissues and mediates retinal vascular dysfunction in DM via the mitogen activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway.