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Neuroendocrine tumours
Published in Anju Sahdev, Sarah J. Vinnicombe, Husband & Reznek's Imaging in Oncology, 2020
Sairah R Khan, Kathryn L Wallitt, Adil Al-Nahhas, Tara D Barwick
The histological diagnosis is generally confirmed by immunohistochemical demonstration of neuroendocrine markers, including chromogranin A and B, synaptophysin, protein cell product 9.5, neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM/CD56), neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and Leu 7 (2). Of these, chromogranin A and synaptophysin are the most common markers. They are also characterized by high expression of somatostatin receptors (SSTRs) and specific biochemical markers such as chromogranin A (CgA), CD53 protein, NSE, serotonin, and the breakdown product urinary (and more recently plasma) 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) which are useful for detection and follow-up (3).
Heterogeneity Among CD36+ Cells in Normal and Diseased Human Skin
Published in Brian J. Nickoloff, Dermal Immune System, 2019
Variable numbers of dermal CD36+ mononuclear cells are consistently present in the midpapillary region of normal human skin (Figure 2); they occasionally are encountered just beneath the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) but are rarely seen in the reticular dermis. Based on their morphological features in frozen skin sections, this population of CD36+ cells can be subdivided into (1) large macrophages which are amorphous to slightly dendritic in shape, and predominately localized in the interstitial spaces; and (2) smaller, spindle-shaped cells which are moderately to highly dendritic, usually associated with the perivascular zone, and more abundant than the larger interstitial cell. Double immunolabeling confirmed that these CD36+ cells are bone marrow-derived (CD45 +, CD53 +) leukocytes which display a macrophage-like phenotype, i.e., essentially all of them coexpress CD68 (KiM7)46,52 and HLA-DR antigens (Figure 3). The majority were weakly to strongly immunoreactive with anti-CD11b (Leu 15) and -CD14 (Leu M3) MAbs, although single positive subsets (CD36−/CD11b+; CD36+/CD11b−; CD36−/CD14+; CD36+/CD14−) routinely were observed. However, CD36+ cells only represent a subset (30 to 50%) of the CD68+ dermal macrophage population (Table 1), and less than 50% of these CD36 immunoreactive cells expressed the CD11c (Leu M5) antigen. Cells displaying the CD36−/CD11c+ phenotype tended to be the larger, amorphous-shaped or moderately dendritic cells which were situated just beneath the DEJ, as Hogg et al.66 demonstrated with the anti-CD11c MAb 3.9.
Immunomodulatory extracellular vesicles: an alternative to cell therapy for COVID-19
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2021
Ashim Gupta, Kashte Shivaji, Sachin Kadam, Manu Gupta, Hugo C. Rodriguez, Anish G. Potty, Saadiq F. El-Amin, Nicola Maffulli
According to MISEV-2018, EVs can be characterized based on their protein content, and at least one protein must be analyzed from each of the following categories. Category 1 includes transmembrane proteins (non-tissue specific tetraspanins like CD63, CD81, CD82 OR cell tissue-specific CD37 and CD53 (leukocyte), PECAM1 (endothelial cells). Category 2 consists of cytosolic proteins ESCRT-1/III (TSG101), ALIX, Flotillins-1 and 2, heat shock proteins HSC70 and HSP84 OR HSP70, cytoskeleton actin, and tubulin. Category 3 involves the major components of non-EV co-isolated structures such as apolipoproteins (A1/A, APOA1/2, and APOB100), albumin and Uromodulin/UMOD. For specific analysis of small EVs, histones, laminin A/C; IMMT, cytochrome C; calnexin, Grp94, BIP, GM130; ATG9A, Actinin1/4 are required. If functional activities of EVs are to be documented, and then analysis of cytokines and growth factors such as TGFB1/2, IFNG, VEGFA, FGF1/2, PDGF, EGF interleukins is also required [36]. Exosomes secreted by antigen presenting cells also express MHC-I, MHC-II, and costimulatory proteins CD80 and CD86 at various levels [38]. The negative markers such as GM130 or calnexin can be associated and detectable with some EVs. The markers should be selected depending on the source of EVs and the level of the contaminants which might be expected in that specific material [35].
Investigational therapies targeting CD37 for the treatment of B-cell lymphoid malignancies
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2018
Magdalena Witkowska, Piotr Smolewski, Tadeusz Robak
CD37 is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily of tetraspanin proteins. It consists of four potential membrane-spanning regions, two extracellular loops, and short intracytoplasmatic tails [4]. CD37 forms complexes with other tetraspanins, such as CD53, CD81, CD82, and class II glycoprotein, on the surface of B cells, which might represent an ion channel or transporter [5]; this results in the formation of multiprotein complexes called tetraspanin microdomains, also known as tetraspanin webs, on the cell surface.
Aggressive natural killer cell leukemia: diagnosis, treatment recommendations, and emerging therapies
Published in Expert Review of Hematology, 2021
Yumeng Zhang, Dasom Lee, Quinto Gesiotto, Lubomir Sokol
Clinical trials are recommended for patients who are unable to tolerate intensive chemotherapy or have disease refractory to L-asparaginase–based chemotherapy. Clinical trials available in the United States include studies on EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells (NCT01555892), pembrolizumab (NCT03719105), alemtuzumab for CD53-expressing ANKL (NCT00069238), and ruxolitinib (NCT02974647).