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The Local Immune Response in Leprosy
Published in Brian J. Nickoloff, Dermal Immune System, 2019
Jeanne Bertolli, Robert L. Modlin
Normalization of the PCR comparisons to specific CD3δ chain mRNA found only in T cells was performed to enhance the discriminatory capacity of the PCR. After this adjustment, the patterns of T cell cytokines of each condition became clear. IL-2 and IFN-γ mRNAs were much more common in tuberculoid lesions, whereas IL-4, IL-5, and IL-10 mRNAs were more characteristic of lepromatous lesions.
Fc Receptors
Published in Maurizio Zanetti, J. Donald Capra, The Antibodies, 1999
An intracytoplasmic activation motif, shared by receptors involved in the direct (BCR), MHC-mediated (TCR) or antibody-mediated (FcR) recognition of antigen was understood to account for the cell-triggering ability of FcR (Figure 3). ITAMs were found in the transduction subunits that are associated with BCR (Igα and 1gβ), with TCR (TCRζ, CD3γ, CD3δ and CD3ɛ) and with FcR (FcRβ and FcRγ) [3]. In some T cells, FcRγ replaces TCRζ in the TCR complex [215]. Conversely, in human NK cells, TCRζ may replace FcRγ in FcγRIIIA [88]. ITAMs are composed of a twice repeated YxxL motif, separated by 6–8 variable residues. An ITAM is also present in the intracytoplasmic domain of the human single-chain FcγRIIA and FcγRIIC. This ITAM has a longer intervening sequence (12 residues) between the two YxxL than other ITAMs [3].
Influence of tumor-infiltrating immune cells on local control rate, distant metastasis, and survival in patients with soft tissue sarcoma
Published in OncoImmunology, 2021
Maria A Smolle, Laurin Herbsthofer, Mark Goda, Barbara Granegger, Iva Brcic, Marko Bergovec, Susanne Scheipl, Barbara Prietl, Amin El-Heliebi, Martin Pichler, Armin Gerger, Florian Posch, Martina Tomberger, Pablo López-García, Julia Feichtinger, Claudia Baumgartner, Andreas Leithner, Bernadette Liegl-Atzwanger, Joanna Szkandera
In order to validate the IHC findings, expression data and clinical data for The Cancer Genome Atlas Sarcoma (TCGA-SARC) dataset (the Genomic Data Commons (GDC) version) was downloaded from the UCSC Xena browser (University of California, Santa Cruz, California, USA).24 Gene expression data for primary tumor samples of 259 patients with STS were available. Three cases with incomplete follow-up data were subsequently excluded, resulting in 256 profiles finally analyzed. Gene expression units used were log2(fpkm+1) and treated as continuous variables, as previously suggested.25,26CD19, MS4A1 (Membrane Spanning 4-Domains A1; CD20), CD22 and CD79A were used as genes characteristic for B-cells, while CD68,ITGAM (Integrin Subunit Alpha M; CD11B) and CD163 were chosen as genes characteristic for macrophages. CD3D, CD3E, CD52 and CD6 were selected as genes characteristic for T-cells. As the TCGA-SARC dataset does not incorporate many clinical parameters such as grading, the statistical analysis focused on differences in gene expression depending on patient age and histological subtype, as well as on their prognostic impact on OS.
The TLR9 agonist (GNKG168) induces a unique immune activation pattern in vivo in children with minimal residual disease positive acute leukemia: Results of the TACL T2009-008 phase I study
Published in Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2019
Rebecca Ronsley, Amina Kariminia, Bernard Ng, Sara Mostafavi, Gregor Reid, Peter Subrt, Nobuko Hijiya, Kirk R. Schultz
While GNKG168 significantly supressed CD3B and CD3D gene expression their role in the tumor microenvironment is less clear. The CD8αβ heterodimer functions as a coreceptor with the TCR, influencing the outcome of CD8+ T cell responses to pathogen-infected and tumor cells.44,45 In humans, there are four CD8β splice variants (M1 to M4) that differ in their cytoplasmic tails. The M-1 isoform which is the equivalent of murine CD8β, is predominantly expressed in naïve T cells, whereas, the M-4 isoform is predominantly expressed in effector memory T cells.45 CD3D is one of 4 distinct chains associated with the T cell receptor and functioning as part of the T cell receptor complex.46 Much less is known of the CD3D T cell co-receptor functioning in activation of both cytotoxic T-cells and helper T cells.
Crucial genes of inflammatory bowel diseases explored by gene expression profiling analysis
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 2018
Dehong Xie, Yudong Zhang, Hao Qu
CD4 and CD3D both encode T-cell receptor, and CD40LG encodes T-cell ligand, which both play pivotal roles in human immunodeficiency [16,17]. In an immune response, T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and TCR-ligand are both indispensable for T lymphocytes [18]. Intestinal CD4+ T cells are indispensable mediators of immune homeostasis and inflammation, and they perform both pathological and homeostatic functions and display highly context-specific roles [19]. In IBD, activation of purified human lamina propria T cells (LPT) through their TCR/CD3 complex results in a weak proliferative response [20] and decreased sensitivity to the growth factor IL-2 [21]. Furthermore, a recent review has shown that IBD may be the final stage of several complex immunodeficiencies, and CD may be an immunodeficiency due to a malfunction of macrophages with faulty release of cytokines and subsequent impaired acute inflammatory response to bacteria in the intestine [22]. As a result, CD4, CD3D and CD40LG might be closely implicated in IBD.