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Autoimmune Disease
Published in Gia Merlo, Kathy Berra, Lifestyle Nursing, 2023
Nanette Morales, Jessica Landry, Christy McDonald Lenahan, Janine Santora
Molecular mimicry involves activation of autoreactive T or B cells by a foreign antigen, such as infections or chemical agents that cause autoimmunity (Rojas et al., 2018). Examples include C. jejuni infection preceding Guillain-Barre syndrome, bovine milk protein butyrophilin preceding MS, and Escherichia coli (E. coli), hepatitis C & B, HIV, or Epstein-Barr virus preceding RA. Molecular mimicry cross-reactivity combines environmental and genetic factors triggering autoimmunity. The molecular mimicry theory may explain why some foods trigger or worsen ADs (Houghton, 2021).
Mite allergens
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Enrique Fernández-Caldas, Leonardo Puerta, Luis Caraballo, Victor Iraola, Richard F. Lockey
Other associations include IgE hyperresponsiveness to B. tropicalis and D. pteronyssinus purified allergens with HLA-DRB1*03 in nonrelated subjects [250] and family studies [251], although the role of other HLA alleles has also been documented [252–255]. The 6p21 region contains additional genes (e.g., butyrophilin-like 2, BTNL2) that have been associated with the risk of mite sensitization [256], but it is unclear whether those associations are due to linkage disequilibrium with HLA alleles or other yet unclear mechanisms.
N-Myristoylation as a Novel Molecular Target for the Design of Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Published in Robert I. Glazer, Developments in Cancer Chemotherapy, 2019
Ronald L. Felsted, Colin Goddard, Constance J. Glover
As might be expected from the addition of hydrophobic acyl chains to generally hydrophilic proteins, many of the acylated proteins are insoluble and most are found tightly associated with the membrane fraction.32-36,47 Interestingly, however, the vast majority of the acylated proteins are found associated with the plasma membrane rather than with internal membranes, which suggests that there is a high degree of specificity in their membrane distribution.33,36 When total cellular membrane fractions are resolved by density gradient centrifugation, palmitoylated proteins are found predominantly in the light vesicle fraction coincident with plasma membrane markers.36 In addition, since the overwhelming majority of acylated proteins are nonglycosylated and are not exposed to the cell surface, it appears that they are localized to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.36 Palmitoylated proteins found on the inner surface of the plasma membrane include the transforming oncogene protein p21ras,48,49 the cytoskeletal proteins ankyrin34 and vinculin,50-51 and the erthrocyte spectrin-actin cross-linking protein, band 4.1.52 A much smaller number of palmitoylated proteins are glycosylated and/or are exposed to the cell surface.33,36 Specific examples of this latter group include some of the more carefully characterized acylproteins such as the enveloped virus transmembrane glycoproteins2,42,53 and cellular transmembrane glycoproteins such as the transferrin receptor,54 the major histocompatibility complex antigens,55 the insulin receptor,56 the rat erythrocyte anion transporter,52 and murine erythrocyte glycophorin.57 Another minor group of palmitoylated proteins includes the secretory glycoproteins: rat mucin,46 human apolipoprotein A-I,58 and the bovine milk proteins butyrophilin and xanthine oxidase.34
BCG-activation of leukocytes is sufficient for the generation of donor-independent innate anti-tumor NK and γδ T-cells that can be further expanded in vitro
Published in OncoImmunology, 2023
Gloria Esteso, María José Felgueres, Álvaro F. García-Jiménez, Christina Reyburn-Valés, Alberto Benguría, Enrique Vázquez, Hugh T. Reyburn, Nacho Aguiló, Carlos Martín, Eugenia Puentes, Ingrid Murillo, Esteban Rodríguez, Mar Valés-Gómez
Besides NK cells, other innate immune populations have also been shown to develop anti-tumor responses after mycobacteria exposure, in particular, MAIT and γδ T-cells. Thus, many efforts are being made to obtain innate effector cells from peripheral blood to include in new immunotherapy regimes.24 For example, BCG, M. vaccae, and M. obuense induced γδ T-cell anti-tumor effector responses, indirectly via a specific subset of circulating DCs (secreting IL12, IL1β, and TNFα).25 It is well documented that mycobacterial-derived phosphorylated non-peptidic compounds activate potently unconventional lymphocytes.26 In particular, human Vγ9/Vδ2-expressing T-cells respond to isopentenyl pyrophosphates (IPP) produced, among others, by bacteria. These cells require the association of butyrophilin to the phosphoantigen to bind the non-variable region of the TCR.27 Thus, γδ T-cells are regarded as HLA-independent T-cells.24 However, γδ T-cells generated in the presence of different stimuli can include subpopulations with either a pro-tumorigenic or effector/memory polarization with different surface markers, cytokine production capacity, and effector functions.28–31
A complete proteomic profile of human and bovine milk exosomes by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2021
Kanchan Manohar Vaswani, Hassendrini Peiris, Yong Qin Koh, Rebecca J. Hill, Tracy Harb, Buddhika J. Arachchige, Jayden Logan, Sarah Reed, Peter S. W. Davies, Murray D. Mitchell
Lactadherin also known as MFG-E8 and PAS-6/PAS-7, is a glycoprotein. It has been linked to cell damage and apoptosis and helps maintain intestinal epithelial homeostasis and healing of mucosa and hence protects the intestinal tract of the newborn. This defensive effect is due to lactadherin linking to apoptotic cells, so they can be recognized by phagocytes for engulfment. The upregulation of lactadherin in mammary glands is linked to an increased rate of epithelial cell apoptosis [28]. Butyrophilin, associated with the MFGM is important for gut development, and has also been previously found in bovine milk exosomes [20]. Xanthine oxidase is a milk protein that provides nourishment and helps to modulate the immune system of the infant [29]. Samuel et al. showed a high abundance of this protein in bovine mature milk exosomes.
TANK-binding kinase 1 as a novel therapeutic target for viral diseases
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2019
The butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1) constitutively associates with TBK1, mediates the dynein-dependent transportation of TBK1 to the perinuclear region, and facilitates its association with IRF3 after viral infection [67]. The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM26 interacts with TBK1 and recruits NEMO upon the RNA viral infection. As a result, TRIM26 bridges interaction between TBK1 with NEMO and facilitates the activation of the antiviral immune response [68]. In addition, varieties of molecules facilitate the formation of TBK1-containing complexes to enhance antiviral responses by directly binding to TBK1, such as ArfGAP domain-containing protein 2 (ADAP2) [69], muscle segment homeobox1 (MSX1) [70], ER-associated protein ZDHHC1 [71], downstream of kinase 3 (DOK3) [72], translocases of outer membrane 70 (Tom70) heat-shock protein of 90 KDa (HSP90) complex [73], IFN-induced TPR protein IFIT3 [74] and phosphatidylserine-specific phospholipase PLA1A [75].