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Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Prostate
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Majority of steroid and androgens are bound to protein dependent on two factors:The affinity of the steroid to the protein.The capacity of the binding protein.
Assessment and Treatment for Malnutrition of COVID-19 Patients
Published in Wenguang Xia, Xiaolin Huang, Rehabilitation from COVID-19, 2021
This method of measurement includes albumin, transferrin, and retinol-binding protein. The persistent presence of hypoproteinemia in patients is a reliable indicator of malnutrition, which generally reflects the nutritional status in the last 2–3 weeks. The initial measurement value of albumin below 25 g/L indicates a poor prognosis; however, due to the long half-life of albumin, it cannot be used for continuous monitoring. In contrast, the half-life of prealbumin and binding protein is short, which is better for the dynamic assessment of nutritional status and nutritional treatment efficacy. Indicators related to the nutritional status of patients with severe COVID-19 are often reduced to varying degrees. For example, the serum prealbumin level of severe COVID-19 patients is often lower than 100 g/L, and some critically severe patients are even lower than 70 g/L or even below 50 g/L.
Energy Provision, Fuel Use and Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Metabolism During The Exercise Intensity/Duration Continuum
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
On the fat side, we now understand that FFAs are moved across the muscle membrane and t-tubules via protein-mediated transport systems during exercise (11, 27, 40, 86). These transport proteins include the plasma membrane fatty acid–binding protein (FABPpm), fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs), and fatty acid translocase (FAT/CD36). And unique to fat metabolism, FFAs are bound to protein chaperones in order to be transported in the cytoplasm for storage as IMTG or delivery to the mitochondria (28). At the mitochondrial membranes, all the FFA transported into the cell and released from IMTG must be transported across the mitochondrial membranes with the help of the carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT I) system and FATPs (mainly FAT/CD36) (9, 15, 80, 81). During exercise, FATPs are also moved to the muscle membrane (mainly FABPpm) and mitochondrial (mainly FAT/CD36) membranes to help bring fat into the cell, but this occurs over a slower time course (∼15–30 min) than GLUT4 translocation (12, 13, 40). It is expected that Ca2+ and the factors related to the energy status of the cell (e.g., free ADP, AMP, Pi, and AMPK activation) are involved, as they play an important role in activating the transport and docking of GLUT4 into the muscle membrane. For more detail on the regulation of these processes see (25, 31, 49, 50).
Analysis of single-cell sequencing results of an elderly patient with myeloid leukemia reveals high expression of multiple oncogenes in monocytes and hematopoietic stem cells
Published in Hematology, 2023
Xiaoli Xu, Minjian Xiong, Haiyan Ye, Yonglei Qi, Ying Zhao
We further analyzed the pathways enrichment of HSCs and compared peripheral blood with bone marrow (Figure 4(E–H)). Results of GO showed that the pathways correlated with the biological process were PERK-mediated unfolded protein response, integrated stress response signaling, negative regulation of phosphorylation, regulation of hemopoiesis, and cellular response to the biotic stimulus. The pathways correlated with cellular components were nuclear specks. The pathways correlated with molecular functions were ubiquitin protein ligase binding, ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding, protein kinase regulator activity, nuclear hormone receptor binding, and hormone receptor binding. Results of KEGG showed that several pathways related to malignancy were active in peripheral blood HSCs, such as the MAPK signaling pathway, transcriptional mis-regulation in cancer, and TNF signaling pathway. Figure 5(D) and (E) shows the network of DEGs in pathways of biological processes and molecular functions. Some genes formed key nodes linking various pathways, such as JUN, PPP1R15B, and PRKAR1A.
Human ovarian granulosa cells use clathrin-mediated endocytosis for LDL uptake: immunocytochemical and electron microscopic study
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2023
Aynur Abdulova, Merjem Purelku, Hakan Sahin, Gamze Tanrıverdi
Regarding the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway, an important component is the clathrin protein. Clathrin-coated vesicles have a three-layered structure consisting of an outer region formed by clathrin proteins in the form of a cage, an intermediate region consisting of a lipid membrane, as well as internal adaptor proteins (APs).8 Along with clathrin, more than 60 other cytosolic proteins are involved in the formation of clathrin-coated endocytic vesicles.9 All these proteins assemble from the cytosol to the endocytic region in a highly ordered manner. The collected vesicles are transported to the target site by SNARE (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor binding protein receptor) proteins. SNAREs manage the transfer of material to be transported during vesicular transport. In an animal cell, there are at least 20 different organelle-associated SNARE proteins, each attached to a specific membrane involved in the biosynthetic-secretion or endocytic pathway. These proteins function as transmembrane proteins and are referred to as vesicular SNAREs (v-SNAREs) with characteristic spiral domains.10
Targetting ferroptosis for blood cell-related diseases
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2022
Zhe Chen, Jinyong Jiang, Nian Fu, Linxi Chen
Considering the complexity of ferroptosis, it is essential to further realise the mechanism of ferroptosis. The mechanism of ferroptosis may be involved in a unique set of genes that regulate iron level or mitochondrial fatty-acid metabolism, such as ribosomal protein L8 (RPL8), iron responsive element-binding protein 2 (IREB2), ATP synthase F0 complex subunit C3 (ATP5G3), citrate synthase (CS) and acyl-CoA synthetase family member 2 (ACSF2) [2]. Ferroptosis is also recognised as a p53-mediated nonapoptotic form of cell death [8]. In addition to p53, the occurrence of ferroptosis is mediated by some classical signal pathways, such as the GSH/Gpx4 pathway [9], the autophagy protein 5/7–nuclear receptor coactivator 4 pathway (ATG5–ATG7–NCOA4 pathway) [10], the p62–Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1–the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor pathway (p62–Keap1–Nrf2 pathway) [11] and the p53-the spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1-ALOX15 pathway (SAT1) [12]. Besides, LOX can also mediate ferroptotic signal by directly oxidising two fatty acyls including arachidonoyl (AA) and adrenoyl (AdA) [13]. Collectively, ferroptosis is regulated by a unique set of genes and some classical signal pathways.