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Infectious Diarrhoea
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Test requests: Bacterial culture and sensitivity testing.If the patient develops diarrhoea after 48 hours of admission, then only C. difficile should be tested.Prolonged diarrhoea should prompt testing for parasitic causes.In children, stool should initially be investigated for rotavirus, adenovirus and norovirus. Several rapid tests and ELISA kits exist, but the most sensitive method is PCR.In immunocompromised individuals, the gold standard for diagnosing CMV colitis is a histology on a tissue sample showing nuclear inclusion bodies. A PCR can also be performed but cannot distinguish between latent infection and active infection. EDTA blood can also be sent for PCR, but a negative blood PCR does not rule out localized gut infection.
Euthanasia and Necropsy
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
In order to completely diagnose many pathological conditions, it is essential to culture for growth of microorganisms. Obtaining material for bacterial culture must be done in such a manner as to not contaminate the area being sampled which could result in overgrowth of the pathogen by the contaminating bacteria.43,44 Ideally, one should try to get needed cultures before the necropsy begins to prevent contamination of the skin lesion or before opening any internal organs. Sterile instruments, gloves and gowns should be used as needed to get the sample.42 For most aerobic cultures commercially available sterile polyester swabs such as the Culturette (Becton Dickinson Microbiologic Systems) with transport media are adequate.25,42
Microorganisms
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Louise Jayne Clark, Adam J Donne, R James A England, Hisham M Mehanna, Gerald William McGarry, Sean Carrie, Basic Sciences Endocrine Surgery Rhinology, 2018
Ursula Altmeyer, Penelope Redding, Nitish Khanna
Depending on the sample site and its resident flora, different sets of bacterial culture media are inoculated and incubated overnight. By careful choice of medium and incubation environment (e.g. CO2, anaerobic, different incubation temperatures) it is possible to encourage growth of a wide range of potential pathogens.
Mechanistic study of copper oxide, zinc oxide, cadmium oxide, and silver nanoparticles-mediated toxicity on the probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Aya M. Eid, Osama M. Sayed, Walaa Hozayen, Tarek Dishisha
The morphology of the L. reuteri was examined before and after NPs treatment by FE-SEM. The qualitative chemical composition of L. reuteri and NPs was evaluated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry EDX coupled with FE-SEM (Zhang et al.2014). The overnight-grown bacterial suspension was diluted to match 1–2 × 106 CFU and supplemented with the MICs of the prepared NPs separately; then, cultivation was continued for 24 h. Untreated bacterial culture was used as a control. Culture broth (5 mL) samples were collected by centrifugation, and glutaraldehyde (2.5%) was used for fixation in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PBS, pH 7.2) for 5 h. Then dehydration steps were carried out with 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100% ethanol and then conducted for 15 min. After drying the dehydrated samples, they were sputter-coated with gold.
Clinical utility of procalcitonin and its association with pathogenic microorganisms
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Hua-Guo Xu, Meng Tian, Shi-Yang Pan
In 1993, Assicot et al. evaluated the role of PCT in distinguishing bacterial and non-bacterial infections in children [12]. Although microbial culture remains the gold standard for identification of bacterial infections, it has many limitations. First, it can be cumbersome to obtain high-yield samples from sites such as the lungs and abdominal cavity. Second, the results from microbial cultures may take a long time, delaying the diagnosis and susceptibility test results regarding the antimicrobial agents to use. Third, blood cultures are not very sensitive. False-negative results of microbial blood cultures are common, leading to missed diagnosis and sometimes to the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for a longer time than should be necessary. In addition, other factors such as antibiotic treatment affecting the detection rate of bacteria, and difficulties in multi-bacterial culture and in distinguishing normal flora and pathogenic bacteria make microbial culture unsuitable for rapid diagnosis in many cases [4,13]. In contrast, PCT is a simple serum biomarker that can distinguish bacterial infections from non-bacterial infections and in some situations can indicate the type of pathogenic microorganisms with good specificity and sensitivity [13–15]. Its value is manifested mainly in the rapid diagnosis of clinical diseases, condition monitoring and evaluation, and guiding medical decision-making [4].
Bites by the noble false widow spider Steatoda nobilis can induce Latrodectus-like symptoms and vector-borne bacterial infections with implications for public health: a case series
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
John P. Dunbar, Aiste Vitkauskaite, Derek T. O’Keeffe, Antoine Fort, Ronan Sulpice, Michel M. Dugon
While some of the bacteria species isolated from S. nobilis are also commonly found on human skin, Dunbar et al. [22] provide a clear example of differentiation. For example, the skin commensal Staphylococcus capitis sometimes causes opportunistic infections commonly associated with patients in nosocomial settings which are easily treated with antibiotics in healthy subjects. Dunbar et al. [22] isolated two S. capitis strains from two different S. nobilis specimens, one from the body surface and another directly from the fangs. The strain from the former was resistant to nalidixic acid, whereas the strain from the latter was resistant not only to nalidixic acid but also to tetracycline and gentamicin. An infection by such a multi-drug resistant strain following an S. nobilis bite would be difficult to treat, and early strain determination would be essential to identify the best courses of antibiotic treatment. As symptom onsets are due to bacterial infections vectored by the spider or direct effect from the venom, those symptoms are severe and must be addressed by clinicians. Bacterial culture should be requested by clinicians in these cases to clarify the origin of the symptoms.