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Hyponatremia in pregnancy
Published in Nadia Barghouthi, Jessica Perini, Endocrine Diseases in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period, 2021
Anthony Parravani, Bethany Pellegrino
Nonpregnant state, maintenance of serum osmolality and sodium:Under nonpregnant conditions, serum osmolality is maintained within a narrow range of 275–295 mOsm/L.Any changes in serum osmolality are sensed by osmoreceptors which respond to correct the change.An increase in serum osmolality by 1–2% results in the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary, which acts on the Arginine Vasopressin Receptor 2 (AVPR2) on the basolateral membrane of the collecting ducts in the kidneys. This leads to the upregulation of aquaporin 2 channels and increased water absorption by the kidneys.Any increase in serum osmolality also stimulates the thirst center in the hypothalamus, resulting in water intake to assist in correction of the hypertonic state.4
Gαs and Gαq/11 protein coupling bias of two AVPR2 mutants (R68W and V162A) that cause nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2022
Primers for human arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (AVPR1A), arginine vasopressin receptor 1 b (AVPR1B), arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2), oxytocin receptor (OXTR), and Elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1A) were given in Table 1. Reverse transcription PCR was performed to investigate expressions of these receptors in COS-1 and MDA-MB-231 cells using MyTaq™ Mix (Meridian Bioscience) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. PCR condition was a 3-step standard cycling profile for all reactions. The protocol of MyTaq™ Mix was used is 95 °C for 1 min, followed by 32 cycles of 95 °C for 15 s, 50 °C for 15 s and 72 °C for 15 s. For all genes, 50 °C was chosen as a Tm since that degree gave the best result for PCR products. The products of reverse transcriptase PCR were analyzed on agarose gel electrophoresis. EF1A was used as the reference gene.
The pharmacotherapeutic options in patients with catecholamine-resistant vasodilatory shock
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2022
Timothy E. Albertson, James A. Chenoweth, Justin C. Lewis, Janelle V. Pugashetti, Christian E. Sandrock, Brian M. Morrissey
The endogenous hormone vasopressin circulates in the blood after it is released from the posterior pituitary gland. VP mainly ensures osmoregulation by its effect on the arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2) located primarily in the distal convoluted tubules promoting water retention. The antidiuretic hormone effect is normally the major effect of VP, but in shock conditions, even higher circulatory levels of VP are naturally released. These higher levels also stimulate arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (AVPR1a) generating powerful vasoconstriction. Potentially when VP is given exogenously, it maintains better kidney perfusion than exogenous NE because there are more AVPR1a receptors in the glomerular efferent than afferent arterioles [21]. In addition, the stimulation of arginine vasopressin receptor 1b (AVPR1b) by VP generates the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary resulting in release of cortisol from the adrenal gland. The higher levels of ACTH generated by VP release generate increased natural levels of endogenous cortical steroids in shock patients.