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Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Coenzyme A (abbreviated CoA or CoA-SH), also known as acetyl-CoA, naturally derives from vitamin B5 or pantothenic acid. It has three main components: a 2-mercaptoethylamine unit with free -SH group, pantothenate vitamin (vitamin B3), and ADP part (93). This coenzyme is involved in the reactions of acyl group transfers. Coenzyme A is involved in the biosynthesis of some carbohydrates and fats. Acetyl CoA is an energetically rich compound because of the high energy of the thioester bond (93).
Carnitine palmitoyl transferase I deficiency
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
Carnitine also functions as an acyl group acceptor. This has implications for therapy of disorders of fatty acid oxidation as it promotes export of acylcarnitines from the mitochondria and ultimately urinary excretion. Carnitine requirements increase under metabolic stress. Rodents fed a high-fat diet accumulate acylcarnitine esters and have decreased expression of carnitine biosynthetic genes [13]. This compromises fatty acid β-oxidation. Supplementation with carnitine reversed these abnormalities and improved glucose tolerance.
Methods of Protein Iodination
Published in Erwin Regoeczi, Iodine-Labeled Plasma Proteins, 2019
An acyl group is the univalent group, , where R is any organic group attached to one bond of the bivalent carbonyl group ,. The alkyl group has already been defined in Section C.1.a. An aryl group is an organic group derived from an aromatic hydrocarbon by the removal of a hydrogen (e.g., the phenyl group, C6H5-, derived from benzene, C6H6). Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia (NH3) formed by the replacement of one, two, or three of the hydrogen atoms by an alkyl or aryl group; correspondingly, the resulting aliphatic and aromatic (and other) amines are classified as primary (RNH2), secondary (R2NH), or tertiary (R3N) amines. Amides are carboxylic acid derivatives obtained by the replacement of the OH group of an acid by an amino group (NH2). Azo compounds are organic compounds which contain the group, -N:N-, attached to two alkyl or aryl groups (e.g., azobenzene, C6H5-N:N-C6H5). In contrast, only one of the two N atoms bonded together in diazo compounds is attached to a carbon of an organic structure (RN=N, see further below). Imines, containing the grouping, -CH=N-, arise from the condensation of primary amines with aldehydes (or ketones) through the loss of H2O. Imides are nitrogen analogs of anhydrides:
Cumulus cell acetyl-CoA metabolism from acetate is associated with maternal age but only partially with oocyte maturity
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2022
Sharon Anderson, Peining Xu, Alexander J. Frey, Jason R. Goodspeed, Mary T. Doan, John J. Orris, Nicolle Clements, Michael J. Glassner, Nathaniel W. Snyder
Cumulus cells incubated with either [13C6]-glucose, [13C5]-glutamine, or [13C2]-acetate for one hour were analyzed for isotopologue enrichment of the central carbon intermediate acetyl-CoA. Isotopologue enrichment, calculated with FluxFix (10), gives the relative molar % of the product detected derived from the labeled substrate in the given incubation conditions. Thus, in this context, the isotopologue notation describes how many labeled carbons are in the analyte of interest corresponding to M + 0 as the unlabeled acetyl-CoA, M + 1 containing one 13C, M + 2 containing two 13C atoms (Figure 1). M + 2 represents the maximum labeling of the acyl-group (the acetyl group) in acetyl-CoA. Mean isotopologue enrichment of M + 2 acetyl-CoA (mean, standard deviation) was for glucose (3.6, 7.7), for glutamine (9.4, 6.2), and for acetate was (20.7, 13.9) (Figure 2).
Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel thiazole-naphthalene derivatives as potential anticancer agents and tubulin polymerisation inhibitors
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2021
Guangcheng Wang, Wenjing Liu, Meiyan Fan, Min He, Yongjun Li, Zhiyun Peng
Based on the antiproliferative activities of these compounds, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of this class of compounds is summarised. Compared the antiproliferative activity of 5a, 5b, and 5c, the result was shown that the change of substituent affects the inhibitory activity. When the ethoxy group located at the para position of phenyl ring, the compound has the strongest activity (5b). The replacement of ethoxy group (5b) with methoxy group (5a) decreased the activity slightly. However, the replacement of 4-ethoxyphenyl (5b) with 2-bromo-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl (5c) resulted in a remarkable decrease of antiproliferative activity. Among this series of thiazole-naphthalene derivatives, compound 5b with an ethoxy group at the 4-position of the phenyl ring and free amine group at the thiazole ring, was found to be the most active compound. On the other hand, introduction of fatty acyl group into the aminothiazole resulting in significantly decreased antiproliferative activity, such as CH3CO, C2H5CO, CH3(C2H5)2CO, and (CH3)2CHCO. It is interesting to point out that 6d and 6l containing the trichloroacetyl group (Cl3CCO) at the aminothiazole moiety significantly improved the antiproliferative activity. In summary, the information of SAR provided us a guideline to improve the antiproliferative activity in future structural modification.
Standardizing and increasing the utility of lipidomics: a look to the next decade
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Yuqin Wang, Eylan Yutuc, William J Griffiths
Like other neutral lipids TAG can be ionized as [M+ NH4]+ ions. MS/MS of the [M+ NH4]+ ion leads to the loss of fatty acids (RCO2H) and NH3 leaving a series of [M + H-RCO2H]+ ions [64]. These ions will reveal the fatty acyl groups attached to the glycerol backbone, although not their positions or location of double bonds. This is illustrated in Figures 1B – D where the [M+ NH4]+ ion at 874.79 will fragment to give [M + H-R1CO2H]+, [M + H-R2CO2H]+ and [M + H-R3CO2H]+ at m/z 603.53, 573.49 and 577.52. This allows molecular species level identification as TG 16:1_18:0_18:2. Loss of R2CO2H at the second carbon of glycerol is often, but not always, less facile than at other positions, allowing a tentative identification of this acyl group. Diacylglycerols (DG) fragment through similar mechanisms to TAG. If the alkali metal adducts [M+ Na]+ or [M+ Li]+ are fragmented the dominant fragment-ions correspond to the loss of the fatty acids with the metal attached to the residual ion. However, fragmentation of [M+ Na]+ ions is less facile than of [M+ NH4]+ ions.