Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Carbon Dioxide Sequestration by Microalgae
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
G.V. Swarnalatha, Ajam Shekh, P.V. Sijil, C.K. Madhubalaji, Vikas Singh Chauhan, Ravi Sarada
Acetyl Co-A Carboxylase catalyzes the first step in the fatty acid biosynthesis which generates malonyl Co-A from acetyl Co-A. This malonyl Co-A gets further transferred to an acyl carrier protein which undergoes a series of reactions catalyzed by fatty acid synthase complex (FAS) towards fatty acid biosynthesis. Peng et al. (2016) observed that the genes coding ACC and FAS I were up-regulated by CO2 supplementation indicating its role in lipid accumulation upon CO2 supplementation.
Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase in Plants and Microorganisms
Published in David N. Brindley, John R. Sabine, Phosphatidate Phosphohydrolase, 2017
J. L. Harwood, M. J. Price-Jones
The high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in algal and plant membranes have already been mentioned. This fact makes the activity of the various aerobic desaturases particularly relevant although we know much less about these enzymes than about, for example, fatty acid synthase. The general process of fatty acid synthesis in plants (Figure 3) involves de novo synthesis of palmitate by fatty acid synthase, elongation to stearate, and Δ9-desaturation to oleate. These processes involve generally water-soluble acyl-ACPs (acyl-acyl carrier proteins). Further desaturation at the 18C level utilizes complex lipids as substrates.10 The generation of palmitate and oleate is a general property of a chloroplastic type II synthetase, a specific β-ketoacyl ACP synthetase,11 and a Δ9-desaturase.12 Further modifications of the acyl chains can take place within the plastid (desaturation) or in the extra-chloroplastic compartment. Indirect evidence implies that formation of trans-Δ3-hexadecenoic acid takes place while palmitate is esterified to the sn-2 position of phosphatidylglycerol while hexadecatrienoate synthesis is likely to occur while in the intact monogalactosyldiacylglycerol molecule.13
Lipids of Dermatophytes
Published in Rajendra Prasad, Mahmoud A. Ghannoum, Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi, 2017
From the information available on dermatophytes, it seems that extensive work has been done on lipid composition and its biosynthesis using different precursors but some of the enzymes of biosynthetic and catabolic pathways need further attention. From the enzymes identified in dermatophytes, it is clear that the main pathways of lipid metabolism are common with yeast and other fungi. The lipid catabolizing enzymes, lipases and phospholipases, were suggested to be involved in pathogenesis of this fungus, around three decades back, but to date not much work has been done in this direction and the exact role is still not known. Preliminary studies on the role of second messengers cAMP, Ca2+ and calmodulin122-138 in lipid synthesis have recently been carried out; however, more work is needed in this area to elucidate the exact mechanism of action. Another aspect which demands further research is regulation of phospholipid synthesis and its correlation with the synthesis of other macromolecules.122-138 Further, the role of acyl carrier protein(s) in fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis should also be examined.
A novel treatment strategy to prevent Parkinson’s disease: focus on iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1)
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Thomas M. Berry, Ahmed A. Moustafa
Iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis is a process that involves many steps [38]. Even with normal levels of iron iron-sulfur biogenesis can be dysregulated. Dysregulation of the acyl carrier protein can impair iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis [39,40]. Many illnesses could be due to dysregulation of iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis [41]. Iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis dysregulations result in mitochondrial iron overload [42]. Research points to there being mitochondrial overload in both Parkinson’s disease and Friedreich ataxia [43]. How iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis could be dysregulated in PD is not completely clear. A way that iron-sulfur cluster biogenesis could be dysregulated in PD is via dysregulation of the acyl carrier protein. Difficulties in iron-sulfur cluster formation can be compensated for by supplemental iron. Supplemental iron can increase activity of aconitase 1(ACO1) [44], which is an iron-sulfur protein. Deficiency states in terms of nutrients can arise when there are extraordinary demands for nutrients. Individuals with PD could have extraordinary demands for iron.
Clostridioides difficile: innovations in target discovery and potential for therapeutic success
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2021
Tanya M Monaghan, Anna M Seekatz, Benjamin H Mullish, Claudia C. E. R Moore-Gillon, Lisa F. Dawson, Ammar Ahmed, Dina Kao, Weng C Chan
Fatty acids play a crucial role in the maintenance of the integrity of bacterial cell membranes, and their biosynthesis, as part of the non-mammalian type II fatty acid synthase (FASII) pathway, is mediated by a multitude of interlinked acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) in the cytoplasm [61,62]. Substrates of this pathway are bound to ACPs such as FabD, FabF and FabG, and undergo a series of reactions to extend their acyl chains; each elongation cycle is culminated by reduction, which is catalyzed by an enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase. These enzymes thus serve as suitable antimicrobial targets, an example of which is isoniazid, an antibiotic used in treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and one which functions by inhibiting the reductase FabI [63]. Since bacterial species utilize specifically distinct enoyl-ACP reductases, its inhibition additionally provides a selective antimicrobial target. For instance, triclosan, another known FabI inhibitor, does not inhibit reductases such as FabK and FabV [64,65]. Although not as extensively studied as FabI, FabK has previously been reported as the sole reductase present in Streptococcus pneumoniae [66], and this has led to the identification of FabK inhibitors [67], including compounds derived from phenylimidazole [68].
A double-blind, 377-subject randomized study identifies Ruminococcus, Coprococcus, Christensenella, and Collinsella as long-term potential key players in the modulation of the gut microbiome of lactose intolerant individuals by galacto-oligosaccharides
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
M. A. Azcarate-Peril, J. Roach, A. Marsh, William D. Chey, William J. Sandborn, Andrew J. Ritter, Dennis A. Savaiano, T. R. Klaenhammer
Finally, genes responsible for initiation of fatty acid biosynthesis and all the enzymatic steps involved in elongation of fatty acids from Butyryl-ACP and from there, ultimately, to Stearoyl-CoA, were overrepresented in the GOS groups. Saturated long-chain fatty acid (SLCFA)-producing bacteria have been recently shown to contribute to regulation of the gastrointestinal motility in rats.43 In this study, excess intracolonic SLCFAs were associated with increased motility in a rodent model of neonatal maternal separation, and correlated with increased abundance of Prevotella, Lactobacillus, Alistipes, and Ruminiclostridium. Bacterial fatty acid biosynthesis pathways have also been targeted for antibiotic discovery.44 In this sense, the ability to manipulate these pathways without the use of antibiotics could be an attractive therapeutic approach to infections. The results indicate not only a modification of the composition of the gut microbiome, but a clear restructuring of the microbiome functionality.