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Exposure Assessment
Published in Ted W. Simon, Environmental Risk Assessment, 2019
There remains considerable uncertainty regarding the extent of the dermal exposure component for creosote workers. A urinary biomarker of exposure to PAHs is hydroxypyrene.220 Several studies could not account for the amount of hydroxypyrene in urine from inhalation exposure alone in creosote workers, and claimed this was due to dermal exposure with no additional evidence.221,222
Current and Potential Applications of Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics
Published in John Y. M. Koo, Ethan C. Levin, Argentina Leon, Jashin J. Wu, Alice B. Gottlieb, Moderate to Severe Psoriasis, 2014
Rishu Gupta, Wilson Liao, John Y. M. Koo, Jashin J. Wu
Coal Tar Polymorphisms in the metabolic breakdown of coal tar have potentially harmful clinical consequences. Approximately 50% of European Caucasians have glutathione S-transferase mu 1-null (GSTM1-null) genotype, resulting in low or absent glutathione S-transferase activity, an enzyme involved in the detoxification of carcinogenic derivatives of coal tar [30]. As a result, these individuals have twice as much 1-hydroxypyrene, a biomarker of polyaromatic hydrocarbon exposure, in their urine after topical application of 2% coal tar compared to individuals with normal enzyme activity [30]. These individuals would therefore have a higher total body burden of mutagenic compounds. GSTM1 genotype also was shown to influence the accumulation of the p53 protein in the stratum basale. High levels of the p53 protein may prevent the onset of carcinogenesis [31]. In another study, investigators observed an association between a polymorphism in the myeloperoxidase gene and altered accumulation of carcinogenic byproducts of tar [32]. However, these pharmacogenetic studies may not necessarily translate to adverse clinical events because studies, including one with 13,200 patients, did not observe an increased risk of cutaneous or noncutaneous malignancy in psoriasis and eczema patients treated with coal tar [33,34]. Furthermore, the carcinogenic effects of coal tar were reported to be lower when used on psoriatic skin compared to healthy skin [35].
Use of Biomarkers in Occupational Safety and Health
Published in Anthony P. DeCaprio, Toxicologic Biomarkers, 2006
PAH absorption and uptake has been monitored by several different biomarkers, including urinary metabolites, protein adducts, and DNA adducts. Urinary mutagenicity and urinary thioethers have also been used in studies of workers but, because they are nonspecific indicators of PAH exposure and subject to confounding exposures, they are not suitable for routine biomonitoring (47). The most widely used biomarker of human exposure to PAH is the measurement of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), a metabolite of pyrene (49). Pyrene is relatively abundant in PAH mixtures and metabolized and excreted as a glucuronide in urine. Half-lives for urinary formation of 1-OHP are relatively long, ranging from 6 to 48 hours, allowing for the collection of spot urine samples at the end of a work shift and end of a work week (47). Other data suggest that a sampling strategy where urine is collected over a 24-hour period gives a better estimate of the relationship between PAH dose and 1-OHP metabolite levels (50,51). In general, published occupational health studies using the urinary 1-OHP marker have used the spot sample protocol and include workers in asphalt paving (52), aluminum smelting (53), coke oven refineries (54), coal tar painting (55), and steel manufacturing (56). In each of these studies, urinary 1-OHP was demonstrated as a useful measure of recent PAH exposure, which had occurred by multiple routes. These studies also demonstrate, however, that cigarette smoking, diet, nonoccupational environmental exposures, and genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 1A1 and glutathione transferases can all affect urinary concentration of 1-OHP.
A systematic review on biomonitoring of individuals living near or working at solid waste incinerator plants
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Laura Campo, Petra Bechtold, Lucia Borsari, Silvia Fustinoni
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a group of chemicals that includes more than 100 congeners. One absorbed into the body, PAHs are metabolized to phenols and excreted as glucuronyl or glutathione conjugates in urine or feces (Grover 1986). Biological monitoring is usually performed by measuring urinary hydroxylated metabolites, among which 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPYR) is mostly used. A small percentage of absorbed PAHs is excreted unmetabolized (Waidyanatha et al. 2003; Campo et al. 2010). Some PAHs are genotoxic and known human carcinogens (IARC 2010). The exposure to PAHs in association with SWI was studied in limited number of studies in the general population (Schroijen et al. 2008; Gatti et al. 2017) and in workers (Angerer et al. 1992; Wrbitzky et al. 1996; Lee et al. 2003; Mari et al. 2013)
Effects of lactational exposure to low-dose BaP on allergic and non-allergic immune responses in mice offspring
Published in Journal of Immunotoxicology, 2018
Rie Yanagisawa, Eiko Koike, Tin-Tin Win-Shwe, Takamichi Ichinose, Hirohisa Takano
Several animal studies have shown that lactational exposure to “high dose” (2–25 mg/kg) BaP disrupts the reproductive (Liang et al. 2012) and central nervous systems (Bouayed et al. 2009). However, there have been few studies on the effects of BaP on offspring immune responses. Similarly, there have been very few studies on the immunomodulatory effects of low-dose BaP exposure in humans. An epidemiological report showed that the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene (a PAH) in urine at 2-years-of-age may be associated with food allergy in children (Jerzynska et al. 2017). Santos et al. (2014) reported that early postnatal exposure to 1,2-NQ, a quinone compound in DEP, aggravates allergen-induced pulmonary inflammation in male mice offspring. However, it remains unclear whether lactational exposure to BaP is associated with aggravation of allergic diseases, such as allergic asthma.
Exposure to biomass smoke is associated with an increased expression of circulating miRNA-126 and miRNA-155 in Mexican women: a pilot study
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2019
Tania Ruiz-Vera, Ángeles C. Ochoa-Martínez, Lucía G. Pruneda-Álvarez, Sergio Zarazúa, Iván N. Pérez-Maldonado
After 12 hours fasting, according to the indications given to the participants, two blood samples were drawn from the cubital vein into 8 mL vacuum tubes without anticoagulant for serum collection, and into 4 mL vacuum tubes with EDTA for plasma collection. Tubes were centrifuged at 1200 × g for 10 min and serum and plasma were transferred to Eppendorf tubes and stored at −80 °C until their analysis. Also, a unique spot urine sample was collected in the morning using sterile plastic bottles and kept at −20 °C until their analyses. Serum samples were used to perform blood biochemistry analysis, and the plasma samples were used to determine the expression of miR-126 and miR-155. 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and creatinine levels were quantified in urine samples.