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Brain Insulin Action in the Control of Metabolism in Humans
Published in André Kleinridders, Physiological Consequences of Brain Insulin Action, 2023
CSF insulin concentrations in humans after intranasal application (28) show a rise 10 minutes after administration of 40 U insulin. Even 80 minutes after spray delivery, insulin concentrations in the CSF are higher after insulin compared to placebo, indicating a longer half-life of insulin in CSF than what has been reported for the systemic circulation. Comparable findings have been shown in rodents where a long persistence of human insulin in the brain was detected (29). Depending on the nature of the study, different intranasal doses are used. Long-term protocols often apply a lower dose for everyday use (24, 30, 31), whereas studies investigating acute effects, in general, prefer higher doses of up to 160 U (32–35). Nonetheless, since only minor effects on blood glucose levels are usually observed (32), the intranasal application is deemed suitable for the investigation of both short- and long-term insulin effects.
Novel Routes to Accessing the Brain: Intranasal Administration
Published in Carla Vitorino, Andreia Jorge, Alberto Pais, Nanoparticles for Brain Drug Delivery, 2021
Ana Serralheiro, Joana Bicker, Gilberto Alves, Amílcar Falcäo, Ana Fortuna
It is important to consider the different methodologies used in intranasal studies since several experimental aspects such as delivery volume, administration technique, drug formulation and anaesthesia can all influence the distribution and deposition of drugs in the nasal cavity and, consequently, the pathways by which a drug may travel to the CNS after intranasal administration. The deposition of the drug within the nasal chamber should be appropriately optimised for the intended therapeutic goal, whether it may be highly concentrated at the olfactory mucosa for a CNS effect or low-deposited in that area when a systemic outcome is desired. Actually, the distance from the nostril to the olfactory epithelium is very short; however, its location in the slit-like olfactory cleft behind the narrow nasal vestibule and at the end of a complex labyrinth of respiratory turbinates severely complicates the access [2]. Expectably, deposition in adequate innervated regions of the nasal cavity can therefore be a critical component of the overall approach towards realising the full potential of nose-to-brain drug delivery [2].
The administration of medicines to children
Published in Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara, Paediatric Clinical Pharmacology, 2021
Evelyne Jacqz-Aigrain, Imti Choonara
The route of administration and formulations should be acceptable to the child patient and their carer. Many carers and older children in UK do not like the rectal route of administration, but it may be acceptable for the unconscious child in hospital or to control fits if the oral or buccal route is not available. Whilst the intranasal route may be uncomfortable, it may be preferred by some children to injection. Many medicines are administered orally to children so taste, texture and smell are very important for acceptability. The age at which children are able to swallow tablets is variable and may depend upon the size of the tablet and taste of the alternative liquid [18]!
Studies on pomegranate seed oil enriched galantamine hydrobromide microemulsion: formulation, in vitro antioxidant and neuroprotective potential
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Meenakshee Shrivas, Dignesh Khunt, Meera Shrivas, Manju Misra
Nasal mucosa is a protective barrier that prevents the entry of foreign particles into the body. Intranasal drug delivery, evaluating nasal toxicity is one of the important factors. Here the nasal tissue was exposed to the PBS pH 6.4, IPA, GHBr solution and GHBr PSO ME for upto 1 h. After that tissues were stored in the 4% p-formaldehyde solution and then microtome for obtaining thin sections on a glass slide followed by H and E staining. The slides were then mounted under a microscope and at 10X magnification, all images were captured. It was inferred from the images, that IPA-treated mucosal cilia cells were distorted and the internal structure of the mucosa was damaged. Images of PBS treated group was taken as negative control and compared with GHBr PSO ME and drug solution-treated groups. On a comparative scale the morphology of the mucosa treated with GHBr PSO ME, GHBr solution was similar to PBS treated group. It was concluded that the prepared formulation was safe enough for nasal administration. All the histopathology images are shown in Figure 7.
Comparative evaluation of intranasal midazolam, dexmedetomidine, ketamine for their sedative effect and to facilitate venous cannulation in pediatric patients: A prospective randomized study
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2022
Rasha Gamal Abusinna, Wael Sayed Algharabawy, Marwa Mostafa Mowafi
The induction of anesthesia and cannula placement may be the only unpleasant memories a youngster has of his medical treatment. Midazolam, dexmedetomidine, and ketamine have all demonstrated efficacy as sedative premedication. The three medicines have demonstrated an easy and quick method of analgosedation [13,14]. The intranasal approach is an effective and safe mode of drug administration, the three medicines when administered intranasally have been found to produce good sedation [13–15]. The primary goal of this study was to determine the ease of intravenous cannulation in children undergoing different minor surgical procedures while under the influence of the study medications (ketamine, midazolam, and dexmedetomidine). The secondary outcomes were to evaluate the degree of drowsiness, the start of sedation, the child’s reaction to parental separation, and hemodynamic changes with the research medications employed.
Formulation, optimization, and nephrotoxicity evaluation of an antifungal in situ nasal gel loaded with voriconazole‒clove oil transferosomal nanoparticles
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Ahmed K. Kammoun, Alaa Khedr, Maha A. Hegazy, Ahmad J. Almalki, Khaled M. Hosny, Walaa A. Abualsunun, Samar S. A. Murshid, Rana B. Bakhaidar
Intranasal delivery can be an acceptable alternative route for the administration of several drugs (Jogani et al., 2008). The systemic route of agents that belong to the triazole class, such as VRC, is the commonest way of handling Aspergillus infections. However, the adverse effects of oral VRC have been well reported and are thought to be a result of pharmacological effects on host tissues (Laverdiere et al., 2014). In addition, oral VRC can inhibit hepatic P450 enzymes and thus interact with several drugs, and this requires very close therapeutic monitoring (Bellmann & Smuszkiewicz, 2017). Therefore, there is an urgent need for other routes that can be substituted for the oral delivery of VRC to avoid such limitations. The intranasal route can be a suitable substitute for the oral delivery of VRC because it limits the drawbacks of the oral route and can alter the treatment risk/benefit ratio favorably (Patra et al., 2018).