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Tolazoline
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Tolazoline is a non-selective competitive a-adrenergic receptor antagonist with vasodilator activity. It is or most likely was used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn and was also used to treat spasms of peripheral blood vessels, e.g. in acrocyanosis. Topically, it was used for ophthalmologic indications such as circulatory changes of the retina, chorioid and optic tract, caustic trauma and degenerative changes of the cornea and as an adjunct in the treatment of various inflammatory corneal affections. Products containing tolazoline were withdrawn from the U.S. market by the (or a) producer in 2002. The drug is however used in veterinary medicine, to reverse xylazine-induced sedation in horses. In pharmaceutical products (mostly veterinarian), tolazoline is employed as tolazoline hydrochloride (CAS number 59-97-2, EC number 200-447-3, molecular formula C10H13CIN2) (1).
Surgical Facilities, Peri-Operative Care, Anesthesia, and Surgical Techniques
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Alison C. Smith, M. Michael Swindle
Alpha adrenergic agonists and antagonists include xylazine and medetomidine,21 which are the two most commonly used agents in this class. They are best utilized in combination with other agents to provide general anesthesia. Xylazine causes bradycardia, heart block, peripheral vasodilation and nausea in many species. These side effects can be counteracted with atropine. Medetomidine has less of the undesirable effects of xylazine. These agents have mild analgesic activity, which may be very transient in some species. They generally have activity for 20 min.11-16
Basics of Small Animal Handling for In Vivo Imaging
Published in Martin G. Pomper, Juri G. Gelovani, Benjamin Tsui, Kathleen Gabrielson, Richard Wahl, S. Sam Gambhir, Jeff Bulte, Raymond Gibson, William C. Eckelman, Molecular Imaging in Oncology, 2008
Laurence W. Hedlund, Tracy L. Gluckman
Ketamine (Ketaset, Fort Dodge Animal Health, Fort Dodge, Iowa, U.S.) and xylazine (AnaSed®, Lloyd Laboratories, Shenandoah, Iowa, U.S.) combination is commonly used for short-term, general anesthesia (25–40 minutes). Xylazine has muscle relaxation and analgesic properties. It also initially increases systemic blood pressure associated with peripheral vasoconstriction followed by a longer period of lower pressure, and reduced heart rate and cardiac output. With this drug combination, the effect of ketamine diminishes more rapidly than xylazine, thus when re-dosing, ketamine alone should be given to avoid the possibility of severe bradycardia associated with additional doses of xylazine. Respiratory effects are not clinically significant.
Xylazine poisoning: a systematic review
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Noah S. Ball, Brittany M. Knable, Taylor A. Relich, Allyson N. Smathers, Michael R. Gionfriddo, Branden D. Nemecek, Courtney A. Montepara, Anthony J. Guarascio, Jordan R. Covvey, David E. Zimmerman
Xylazine (Rompun®, Anased®, Sedazine™, Chanazin®) is used in veterinary medicine, often in combination with ketamine, opioids, or barbiturates for anesthetic purposes. Xylazine was originally developed in the early 1960s by Bayer AG as an antihypertensive agent [1]. Further testing of the drug revealed central nervous system (CNS) effects which halted its further investigation in humans [1]. Xylazine is structurally similar to clonidine, phenothiazines, and imidazolines, and is highly lipophilic. It acts primarily as a presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic agonist, inhibiting release of norepinephrine and dopamine in the CNS. These receptor interactions ultimately result in clinical effects, including sedation, muscle relaxation, and analgesia [2]. Xylazine is not currently approved by the US FDA for use in humans but is approved for use in a variety of animals (dogs, cats, horses, deer, and elk) [2].
A review of potential neuropathological changes associated with ketamine
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2022
Danica Nogo, Hana Nazal, Yuetong Song, Kayla M. Teopiz, Roger Ho, Roger S. McIntyre, Leanna M.W. Lui, Joshua D. Rosenblat
Although the studies in this review present an overarching possibility of the potential neurotoxicity following ketamine treatment, some limitations should be noted. Three databases were used in this review, which suggests that relevant literature may have been unintentionally excluded based on their unavailability on these databases and the restrictions to studies written in the English language. Furthermore, in many of the studies discussed, polypharmacy is present in the regimen. In particular, xylazine was frequently administered alongside ketamine, a combination which is commonly used for anesthetic purposes. Xylazine is an α-2 adrenergic agonist, and has been found to cause negative side effects in rodents when used for anesthesia, such as corneal lesions [101]. As well, as S-ketamine shows greater potency than R-ketamine, caution should be exerted when comparing the resultant toxicity of these two isomers. Additionally, a common issue in research involving recreational drug users or substance use disorder populations is the frequency of poly-drug users. As such, it is difficult to discern the effects attributable to ketamine in particular, and the possibilities of synergistic or complex effects due to practices of poly-pharmacy.
Safety and Long-term Scleral Biomechanical Stability of Rhesus Eyes after Scleral Cross-linking by Blue Light
Published in Current Eye Research, 2021
Yu Li, Fengju Zhang, Mingshen Sun, Lingbo Lai, Xiaotong Lv, Chong Liu, Mengmeng Wang, Ningli Wang
Seven 3 years old rhesus monkeys (14 eyes) without any ocular diseases and weighing 3.4–6.0 kg were included in the study. They were housed in clean, environmentally controlled rooms individually at Capital Medical University and provided free access to food and water throughout the study. All experimental procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (AEEI-2014-127), and animal care adhered to the ARVO Statement for the Use of Animals in Ophthalmic and Vision Research. Sclera collagen cross-linking procedures were applied at the superior temporal quadrant of the right eye equator of all rhesus monkeys, while the left eye served as a control. A mixture of ketamine (10–25 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.8–1.5 mg/kg) was injected intramuscularly. Then, the conjunctiva was incised, and Tenon’s capsule was dissected to expose the sclera of the superior temporal quadrant of the eye. The temporal and superior rectus muscles were held with sutures (Dacron 5–0) to manipulate the eye position during the treatment. The cross-linking area, which diameter was 10 mm, was instilled with 0.5% riboflavin every minute for 20 min before irradiation and every minute during the 20 min irradiation period by syringe. A blue light (460 nm) illumination system (Obodi, Beijing Optoelectronic Technology Co., China) was used to deliver irradiation at 22.5 mW/cm2 to the cross-linking area. The control eye took the same procedure only without blue light illumination. An antibiotic salve was instilled into the conjunctival sac immediately after surgery as a prophylactic.