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Toxicology
Published in John M. Wayne, Cynthia A. Schandl, S. Erin Presnell, Forensic Pathology Review, 2017
John M. Wayne, Cynthia A. Schandl, S. Erin Presnell
Answer E is correct. XLR-11 is a synthetic cannabinoid that has been implicated in acute renal failure, tachycardia, restlessness, and bizarre behavior. Synthetic cannabinoids have their basis in the THC molecule but have been altered by adding different alkyl, phenol, or other groups to make it legal. A drug is illegal based on its chemical nomenclature, so an illegal drug that has a different active group added is technically not illegal. Although the effects may be similar, the effects can be deadly.
The synthetic cannabinoids phenomenon: from structure to toxicological properties. A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2020
Vera L. Alves, João L. Gonçalves, Joselin Aguiar, Helena M. Teixeira, José S. Câmara
A large number of additional analogs have been derived from the published structures of the pharmaceutical candidates, emerging new SCs with names probably chosen by those to help market the products. Remarkable examples of this are “AKB-48” and “2NE1”, whose names derive from Japanese and South Korean feminine bands, respectively, as an alternative to their chemical names, APINACA that comes from N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxamide and APICA that comes from N-(1-adamantyl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide. Another example is the synthetic compound XLR-11 that appears to have been named after the first liquid fuel rocket developed in the USA for use in aircraft, perhaps alluding to the vendor’s intention for those who consume the substance (Carlsson 2016; EMCDDA 2017; Iversen 2018).
Old and new synthetic cannabinoids: lessons from animal models
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2018
Mary Tresa Zanda, Liana Fattore
Two compounds of the naphthoylindoles family, JWH-018 and JHW-073, fully substitute and generalize for THC in trained mice (Brents et al. 2013; Gatch and Forster 2014; Marshell et al. 2014), rats (Järbe et al. 2011; Wiley et al. 2014) and rhesus monkeys (Ginsburg et al. 2012). A synergistic substitution effect of JWH-018 and JHW-073 for THC has also been reported when the two synthetic cannabinoid agonists are administered jointly (Brents et al. 2013). Other compounds of the JWH series, such as JWH-122, JWH-200, JWH-201, JWH-203, JWH-210, and JWH-250, fully substitute for THC (Gatch and Forster 2014, 2016; Wiley et al. 2014). However, the JWH-320 compound fails to substitute for THC, probably due to its low affinity for the CB1 cannabinoid receptor (Wiley et al. 2014). When the JWH-018 compound is used as training drug in drug discrimination procedures, it readily establishes a discriminative stimulus effect in rats (Wiley et al. 2014) and rhesus monkeys (Rodriguez and McMahon 2014) and is fully substituted by THC, WIN 55,212-2, and CP 55,940 (Rodriguez and McMahon 2014; Wiley et al. 2014). Other synthetic cannabinoid agonists of more recent generation, the indole-derivative compounds UR-144 and XLR-11, fully substitute for THC in a dose-dependent manner (Wiley et al. 2013). Likewise, compounds of the aminoalkylindole family, such as AM678, AM2201, AM2233, and AM5983, exhibit full substitution and generalization to THC and show higher potency when compared to THC (Järbe et al. 2011, 2016).
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists: classification and nomenclature
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2020
A. J. Potts, C. Cano, S. H. L. Thomas, S. L. Hill
Non-scientific names have been used to refer to specific compounds, both within the scientific literature and elsewhere. Most have probably been invented by vendors, presumably for the purpose of successful marketing of recreational products [25]. Examples include ‘AKB-48’ and ‘2NE1’, which refer to popular ‘girl bands’ in Japan and South Korea respectively [25]. ‘XLR-11’ would appear to refer to liquid rocket fuel developed in the USA for use in aircraft, perhaps suggesting the alluring and intended effects of the drug [25]. As with serial designations, these names are less useful because they do not correspond to any chemical classification, nor give any assistance in predicting pharmacological or toxicological properties.