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How to use feasibility studies to derive parameter estimates in order to power a full trial
Published in David A. Richards, Ingalill Rahm Hallberg, Complex Interventions in Health, 2015
Obioha C. Ukoumunne, Fiona C. Warren, Rod S. Taylor, Paul Ewings
The follow-up percentage is a parameter of interest when planning definitive trials because, together with the number recruited, it determines the number of participants that will be assessed on the main outcomes used to evaluate the intervention. We can calculate the number of participants (n) that need to be recruited to a feasibility study in order to estimate the follow-up percentage with a specified level of precision using where p is the assumed percentage that will be followed up in the feasibility study and w is the desired width of the 95 per cent confidence interval for the estimated percentage. Percentages that are closer to 50 will be estimated with poorer precision for a given sample size, so a conservative approach in using this formula to estimate the number of required study participants is to err towards the plausible value that is closest to 50 per cent. In the DIAT study (Box 15.2), the 120 participants the investigators planned to recruit is large enough to estimate a follow-up of 50 per cent with margin of error ±9 per cent (w = 18) based on the 95 per cent confidence interval.
Consent: children and young persons
Published in Jane Lynch, Louise M Terry, Sue Battersby, Colum J Smith, Consent to Treatment, 2010
Jane Lynch, Louise M Terry, Sue Battersby, Colum J Smith
In the case of Re W,18 an anorexic below 18 years, the court directed that she should be moved to a specialist hospital to be fed even though she was refusing. The court of appeal held that section 8 of the Family Law Reform Act did not prevent consent being given by the parents or the court. While the child had a right to consent to treatment under the Act, it did not confer a right to refuse treatment that was necessary to save her life.
Smell your self: Olfactory stimulation improves self-concept in Alzheimer’s disease
Published in Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 2022
Ophélie Glachet, Mohamad El Haj
Friedman tests revealed significant differences between the number of psychological self, social self and physical self-statements evoked without odour in AD participants [X² (2, N = 24) = 29.15, p < .001, Kendall’s W = .18] and in control participants [X² (2, N = 25) = 24.74, p < .001, Kendall’s W = .13]. A post hoc analysis with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was conducted with a Bonferroni correction applied, resulting in a significance level set at p < 0.017. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed fewer physical self-statements than social self-statements in both AD participants (Z = −3.01, p = .003, Cohen’s d = 1.56) and control participants (Z = −2.53, p = .01, Cohen’s d = 1.17), fewer physical self-statements than psychological self-statements in AD participants (Z = −4.14, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 3.16) and control participants (Z = −4.39, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 3.67), and fewer social self-statements than psychological self-statements in AD participants (Z = −3.53, p < .001, Cohen’s d = 2.08) and control participants (Z = −3.39, p = .001, Cohen’s d = 1.84).
Evaluating task-based brain network activity in pediatric subjects with an mTBI: mechanisms of functional compensation are symptom-level dependent
Published in Brain Injury, 2019
Scott A. Holmes, Rajeet Singh-Saluja, Jen-kai Chen, Isabelle Gagnon, Alain Ptito
Group data from task performance can be found in Table 2 and Figure 2. There was no significant group difference in the number of completed trials for either the control, H(2) = 2.3, p = 0.32, or the task conditions, H(2) = 2.97, p = 0.23. No difference was found between groups for the time to complete control trials, H(2) = 0.27, p = 0.87, but a difference was found for task trials, H(2) = 9.70, p = 0.008. Post hoc analysis showed that the low-symptom group had higher trial times than the HC group, W = 36 230, p = 0.002. No difference was present between the HC and high-symptom group, W = 38 370, p = 0.43, but approached significance between the high- and low-symptom groups, W = 18 691, p = 0.06.
Efficacy of a deficit specific auditory training program for remediation of temporal patterning deficits
Published in International Journal of Audiology, 2019
The mean time between the two baseline measures was 77 days. No significant difference between the two temporal patterning baseline measures was seen. Baseline 1 and 2 were significantly correlated (r = 0.67, p = 0.03). Group Z score means of −3.19 (SD 0.73) and −3.29 (SD 0.96) were shown respectively, with a mean difference of −0.11 (SD 0.84) (Figures 2 and 4). Wilcoxon signed rank showed no significant difference between the samples (difference median of 0.13, W = 18, p = 0.64)