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Antitubulin Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Vinblastine is produced by the Catharanthus roseus plant (the Madagascar periwinkle) which produces the two alkaloidal subunits, catharanthine and vindoline (shown as subunits A and B in Figure 4.7), and is able to join them together enzymatically in a relatively low yield. Having been used as a folk remedy for centuries, studies in the 1950s revealed that Catharanthus roseus contains over 70 alkaloids, many of which are biologically active.
Vinca rosea (Madagascar Periwinkle) and Adhatoda vesica (Malabar Nut)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Rajib Hossain, Md Shahazul Islam, Dipta Dey, Muhammad Torequl Islam
Catharanthus (from the Greek katharos (pure) and anthos (fruit) was named after Linneaus (flower). The scientific name of vinca was established to be Cartharantus roseus by Scottish botanist George Don, which has been the subject of several disputes and contentious arguments concerning its classification. Carl von Linneanus, a Swedish scientist, was named after the first of his species, V. rosea, in 1759. Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig Reichenbach, a German botanist, suggested the name Lochnera in 1828. In 1838, an Austrian botanist called Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher christened the plant Lochnera rosea (Kirtikar and Basu, 1918; Karthikeyan et al., 2009). The scientific name Catharanthus roseus was verified by William Stearn as the proper name for the Madagascan periwinkle. Furthermore, in his chapter “Synopsis of the Genus Catharanthus,” Stearn pointed out that even the genus name Lochnera is invalid since it is too similar to the naming of some other genus, Lochneria, established in 1777 by scientist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli. Further details of taxonomical classification are presented by Paarakh et al. (2019). In India, periwinkle is a popular blooming plant. Its scientific name is V. rosea, and it belongs to the Apocynaceae family. It is a year-round blooming shrub with smooth, glossy, dark green leaves that grows to a height of 1–3 feet. Blue, purple, violet, pink, and white periwinkle flowers are among the many colors available. North America, Bangladesh, Europe, India, and China are all habitats to these plants. Medicinal qualities may be found in almost every section of the Madagascar periwinkle (Mondal and Mandal, 2009; Nisar et al., 2016). Periwinkle is an herbal medicinal plant with a wide range of uses. Although all plant parts are therapeutic, alkaloids are predominant in the roots and bark. Ajmalicine, reserpine, and serpentine are three of the most significant Rauvolfia alkaloids. Vindoline, vincristine, and vinblastine are some of the other significant alkaloids discovered. Vinca rosea is utilized in both Ayurvedic and Western medicine. Synonyms of V. rosea are Ammocallis rosea (L.) Small, Lochnera rosea (L.) Rchb, Lochnera rosea var. flava Tsiang, Pervinca rosea (L.) Gaterau, Vinca gulielmi-waldemarii Klotzsch, Vinca rosea L., Vinca rosea var. albiflora Bertol., Vinca speciosa Salisb.
Protecting Pancreatic β-cells from Metabolic Insults
Published in Christophe Wiart, Medicinal Plants in Asia for Metabolic Syndrome, 2017
Dichloromethane-methanol extract of leaves and stems of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don given orally to streptozotocin-induced diabetic Sprague–Dawley rats (glycemia > 200 mg/dL) at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day for 15 days lowered glycemia by 57.6%. After 7 days of treatment liver glycogen was increased as well as activity of glycogen synthetase, an enzyme known to be stimulated by insulin.347 Administration of the extract for 30 days at a dose of 500 mg/kg/day abrogated hyperglycemia induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin.347 This extract increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase347 which indicates insulin stimulation.347 Vindoline from Catharanthus roseus (L.) enhanced the secretion of insulin by MIN6 cells exposed to 16.8 mM of glucose with an IC50 equal to 50 µM.348 This alkaloid at a concentration of 50 µM increased the secretion of db/db mice Islets of Langerhans exposed to glucose in vitro.348 The insulinotropic effect of vindoline on by MIN6 insulinoma was inhibited by nifedipine, a specific inhibitor of L-voltage dependent calcium channel and potassium channel opener diazoxide.348 This alkaloid at prevented apoptosis of β-cells induced by interleukin-1β and interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α.348 Vindoline given orally for 4 weeks to db/db mice at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day lowered fasting glycemia from about 20 to 10 mM, lowered triglycerides and increased insulinemia from about 1 to 2 ng/mL.348 Vindoline given orally for 4 weeks to high-fat diet-streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic Wistar rats at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day lowered fasting glycemia from about 15 to 10 mM (normal about 7 mM), improved glucose tolerance, plasma triglycerides and increased insulinemia from about 0.05 to 0.1 ng/mL (normal 0.3 ng/mL).348 Vindoline given orally at a dose of 40 mg/kg/day to spontaneous type 2 diabetic obese db/db mice for 4 weeks increased insulinaemia by about 50%, halved plasma glucose and reduced plasma triglycerides after 3 weeks of treatment. Sprague–Dawley rats rendered diabetic by high-fat diet for 2 weeks followed by streptozotocin administration and then treated with vindoline at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks exhibited lower glycemia compared with untreated animals, increased insulinaemia by about 3 folds and reduced serum triglyceride.348 The precise molecular mechanism behind the insulinotropic effect of vindoline is unknown. Vindoline is an indole alkaloid and as such may be able to interact with β-cell 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. In healthy rodents or alloxan diabetic rodents, fed or fasting, pretreated with nialamide at a dose 80 mg/kg, 5-hydroxytryptophane given at a dose of 60 mg/kg intravenously commanded hypoglycemia which prevented by methysergide.348 Vincristine at a dose of 1 mg/kg and N-formyl-leurosine at a dose of 3 mg/kg reduced serum lipid by 49.05% and 40.40% in rodents 4 hours after intraperitoneal injection.349
Melatonin-stimulated biosynthesis of anti-microbial ZnONPs by enhancing bio-reductive prospective in callus cultures of Catharanthus roseus var. Alba
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Hafiza Rida Riaz, Syed Salman Hashmi, Tariq Khan, Christophe Hano, Nathalie Giglioli-Guivarc’h, Bilal Haider Abbasi
Catharanthus (C.) roseus (L.) G. Don var. alba is a medicinally important plant associated with Apocynaceae family. Catharanthus roseus was commonly known as Periwinkle or Madagascar-periwinkle found in various tropical and sub-tropical regions [12]. Catharanthus roseus having two varieties, white-flowered “alba” and pink-flowered “rosea” [13,14]. Catharanthus roseus is an alkaloid rich plant having >400 alkaloids from which >130 are TIAs (terpenoid-indole alkaloids) [15]. Vinca alkaloids such as vincristine and vinblastine are very popular for their use in cancer treatments [14,16]. Reserpine, serpentine and ajmalicine acts as anti-neuro-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive agents [15,17]. Vindoline, vindolidine and vindolicine are important for anti-diabetic activity [18]. ZnONPs have been synthesized using C. roseus leaves [19]. However, the potential of C. roseus callus cultures for ZnONPs synthesis has not been investigated till date. Catharanthus roseus is a rich source of bioactive agents other than alkaloids, e.g. phenolics, carbohydrates, flavonoids and saponins that help in reduction and stabilization process during NPs synthesis [19,20]. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are responsible for improved content of these bioactive agents in in-vitro cultures [21–23].
Delivery of vinblastine-containing niosomes results in potent in vitro/in vivo cytotoxicity on tumor cells
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2018
Boshra Amiri, Hasan Ahmadvand, Ali Farhadi, Aazam Najmafshar, Mohsen Chiani, Dariush Norouzian
Vinblastine (VB) is a vinca alkaloid with antineoplastic properties [4–6]. According to monograph and drug bank of VB, the vinca alkaloids are structurally similar compounds comprised of two multi-ringed units: vindoline and catharanthine. The vinca alkaloids have become clinically useful since the discovery of their anti-tumour properties in 1959. Initially, extracts of the periwinkle plant (Catharanthus roseus) were investigated because of putative hypoglycemic properties, but were noted to cause marrow suppression in rats and anti-leukemic effects in vitro. The anticancer activity of vinblastine is carried out through inhibition of the polymerization of tubulin to form microtubules, as well as inducing depolymerization of formed tubules. Vinblastine may also interfere with nucleic acid and protein synthesis by blocking glutamic acid utilization. Vinca alkaloids are cell cycle phase-specific for M phase and S phase. The risk of severe side effects such as immunosuppressive activity, neurotoxicity, and susceptibility to multidrug resistance, has limited their clinical application.